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| an organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime |
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| a formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age-grade categories together |
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| Common-Interest Association |
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| associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, vales or beliefs |
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| societies in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence and prestige |
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| societies in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources |
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| a category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation |
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| a closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life |
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| upward or downward change in one’s social class position in a stratified society |
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| the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes |
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| the way power is distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order |
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| a relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent |
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| in anthropology, refers to a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory |
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| an extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological |
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| a regional polity in which who or more local groups are organized under single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people |
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| in anthropology, a centralized polity involving large numbers of people within a defined territory who are divided into social classes and organized and directed by a formal government that has the capacity and authority to make laws, and use force to defend the social order |
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| a people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history |
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| the right of political leaders to govern-to hold, use, and allocate power- based on the values of a particular society |
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| an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try o interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control |
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| is a type of power held by a group in a society which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labor, and wealth |
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| control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals |
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| external control through open coercion |
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| an externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms |
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| formal rules of conduct that, when isolated, effectuate negative sanctions |
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| an action or an instance of negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited |
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| a conflict carried on by force of arms, as between nations or between parties within a nation; warfare, as by land, sea, or air |
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| the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality |
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| an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control |
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| concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization |
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| an incorporeal being believed to have powers to affect the course of human events |
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| the several gods and goddesses of a people |
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| a belief that nature is enlivened or energized by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies |
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| a belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal spiritual power or supernatural potency |
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| a person who enters an altered state of consciousness- at will- to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others |
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| a full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others and for contacting and influencing supernatural powers |
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| a ritual that marks an important stage in an individual’s life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death |
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| in rites of passage, the ritual removal of the individual from society |
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| the transitional period or phase of a rite of passage, during which the participant lacks social status or rank, remains anonymous, shows obedience and humility, and follows prescribed forms of conduct, dress, etc |
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| a ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together |
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| magic based on the principle that like produces like; sometimes called sympathetic magic |
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| magic based on the principle that things once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken |
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| an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death |
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| a magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find out about what is not knowable by ordinary means, such as foretelling the future by interpreting omens |
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| a movement for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of great stress and despair |
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| the creative use of the human imagination to aesthetically interpret, express, and engage life, modifying experienced reality in the process |
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| culturally specific people, animals, and monsters seen in the deepest stage of trance |
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| are visual effects whose source is within the eye itself |
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| a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence- where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going |
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| a term coined by 19th century scholars studying the unwritten stories and other artistic traditions of rural peoples to distinguish between “folk art” and the “fine art” of the literate elite |
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| a story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence |
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| a long dramatic narrative recounting the celebrated deeds of a historic or legendary hero- often sung or recited in poetic language |
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| a long dramatic narrative recounting the celebrated deeds of a historic or legendary hero- often sung or recited in poetic language |
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| a creative narrative that is recognized as fiction for entertainment but may also draw a moral or teach a practical lesson |
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| a story situation in a tale |
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| an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color |
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| the study of a society’s music in terms of its cultural setting |
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| quality or character of sound |
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| a scale having five tones to an octave, as one having intervals that correspond to the five black keys of a piano octave |
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| something new or different introduced |
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| the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another |
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| massive culture change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society |
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| the abandonment of an existing practice or trait |
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| the violent eradication of an ethnic group’s collective cultural identity as a distinctive people; occurs when a dominant society deliberately sets out to destroy another society’s cultural heritage |
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| the physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others |
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| customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things |
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| in acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms |
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| organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power |
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| radical change in a society or culture. In the political arena, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one |
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| the process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrial societies |
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| worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information and infectious diseases |
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| public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country’s borders |
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| power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic interaction within and among societies, directing economic and political forces on the one hand and ideological forces that shape public ideas, values, and beliefs on the other |
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| coercive power that is backed up by economic and military forces |
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| co-optive power that presses others through attraction and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values and behaviors |
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| It refers to a form of violence based on the systematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution "kills people" by preventing them from meeting their basic needs |
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| the point at which birthrates and death rates are in equilibrium; people producing only enough offspring to replace themselves when they die |
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