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| division in the Church when one pope excommunicated the other and rival popes were located in Rome and Avignon |
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| Protestant Church founded by Martin Luther; against indulgences |
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| member of the only legal church in England; Elizabeth formed it to please both Catholics and Protestants |
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| against infant baptism; radical; believed in separation of church and state |
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| followers of John Calvin; believed in predestination |
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| line drawn by the Pope to divide new lands claimed by Portugal and Spain; honored by the Treaty of Tordesillas |
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| between Charles V and the Protestant princes saying each German state's religion would be declared by its ruler |
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| ship with triangular sails to sail more effectively |
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| Quebec; founded by Champlain; France's colonial empire in North America |
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| Russian emperor; came from "ceasar"; first used by Ivan the Terrible IV |
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| European conflict over religion and territory for family power; Richliew involved France to limit Hapsburg power; recognized Europe as a group of equal states |
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| PB vs. FAR; ends with Pease of Westphalia |
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| War of Austrian Succession |
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| Frederick II claimed Salesia while underestimating Maria Theresa; ends with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle |
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| Henry IV promised Protestant protection and legal rights |
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| Cavaliers vs. Roundheads; supporters of English monarchy vs. Puritan supporters of Parliament |
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| Charles II's rule after Cromwell collapses; brings back theatre and arts |
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| William and Mary overthrow James II and create a constitutional monarchy recognizing Parliament and the Bill of Rights |
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| monarch's are God's representative on Earth and answer only to Him |
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| God would put the most important body in the middle, so the planets revolve around Earth |
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| planets revolve around the sun; Copernicus is to scared to publish this |
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| developed from Age of Exploration; change in European thought based on observations |
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| Age of REASON; apply it to scientific method and all aspects of society |
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| 1st group in 3rd Estate; middle class merchants and artisans; few priveleges |
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| Maximillan Robespierre ruled France as a dictator whoe xecuted thousands with day long trials |
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| declared Luther a heretic and outlaw |
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| wrote Spiritual Exercises; gathered followers and created Society of Jesus |
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| Roman Catholic religious order formed by Ignatious Loyola;founded schools, converted people, and tried to stop Protestantism |
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| "Defender of the Faith" because he attacked Luther; founded the Anglican church |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Portuguese Plan; school in Sagres |
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| cross "rocky" isthmus of Panama to be the first to see the Pacific Ocean and proved the New World wasn't Asia |
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| traveled to New World; increased rivalry of Spain and Portugal; caused Line of Demarcation |
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| sailed around the tip of Africa; wanted goods directly from Asia instead of through middlemen |
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| traveled to India; gave Portugal a direct sea route to India |
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| first to circumnavigate the world |
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| defeated Atahualpa and the Incas because he wanted gold |
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| defeated Montezume and the Aztecs because they thought he was a god in camo; followers called conquistadors |
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| claimed Brazil for Portugal |
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| ruled by the Pragmatic Sanction; kept throne through war |
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| westernized Russia; Holy Synod and Great Northern War |
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| extended Prussia territory; Partitions of Poland |
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| built Versailles; ruled with Mazarin; strict control of nobles; had Colbert and intendants |
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| sent by Philip II to punish England and Elizabeth |
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| authorized a translation of the Bible; refused to make Puritan reforms |
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| always needed money; signed Petition of Right; beheaded in the Civil War |
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| leader of the Roundheads; ruled commonwealth of England as Lord Protecter; New Model Army; executed Charles |
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| "Merry Monarch"; Restoration; reinstituted what Puritans were against; habeus corpus |
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| people got ticked off because he was Catholic so William and Mary of Orange came to the throne |
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| married Marie Antoinette; had to call the Estates General because he was so in debt |
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| develops heliocentric theory; scared to publish book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies" |
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| used math to prove elliptical orbits and Copernicus |
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| proved science with math; laws of motion; Principa Matematica |
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| perfected the first telescope and observed Saturn's rings; conflict with the church; wrote "Starry Messenger" |
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| natural rights (life liberty and property); "Two Treatises of Government"; humans could reason alone because they were born free |
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| toleration and right to opinion; wrote "Candide"; freedom of religion |
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| General Will, "The Social Contract"; motto of French Revolution; civilizaiton ruins humans |
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| Motto of French Revolution |
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| liger, equality, fraternity |
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| "Social Contract"; people create government; between people and government |
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| War of Spanish Succession |
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| Charles II of Spain had no heir; throne to Louis XVI's grandon; France and Spain both ruled by Bourbons; Treaty of Utrecht (Great Britain won) |
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| England's first permanent settlement in North America |
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| put Calvin's ideas to work in Scotland; followers known as Presbyterians |
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