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| government takeover (of natural resources in Mexico) |
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| large plantations controlled by landowning elite in Mexico |
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| emphasis on home control of the economy |
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| pride in one’s own culture |
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| The US’s pledge under Franklin Roosevelt to lessen interference in the affairs of Latin American nations |
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| a policy of rigid segregation |
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| the movement in the 1920s which nourished the nationalist spirit and strengthened resistance against apartheid; unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide |
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| movement in which artists and writers expressed pride in their African heritage |
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| the Turkish peninsula between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea where Turks resisted Western control and fought to build a modern nation |
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| movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state |
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| statement issued by the British government in 1917 supporting the establishment of a homeland for Jews in Palestine |
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| the incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians killing nearly 400 and wounding 1,100; turning point for many Indians, convinced them that India needed to govern itself |
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| the refusal to obey unjust laws |
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| members of the lowest class in India |
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| a list of demands that sought to make china a Japanese protectorate |
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| the cultural and intellectual ferment set off by student protests that erupted in Beijing on May 4th, 1919 |
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| elite leaders (of communist revolution) |
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| nationalist party behind Sun Yixian and later Jiang Jieshi in China |
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| the epic march in which a group of Chinese communists retreated from Guomindang forces by marching over 6,000 miles from 1934 to 1935 |
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| emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989 |
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| province in northeastern china, rich in natural resources, Japan took it over, placing Puyi at the head of puppet state, he was the last emperor of China. |
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| a rebellious young woman in the 1920s |
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| a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the US from 1920-1933 |
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| an African American cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem |
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| a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders |
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| a style of art composed of lines, colors, and shapes, sometimes with no recognizable subject matter at all |
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| artistic movement in which artists rejected tradition and produced works that often shocked their viewers |
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| artistic movement that attempts the portray the workings of the unconscious mind |
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| fortifications along the border of France and Germany, Germany passed these lines in 1940 |
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| treaty sponsored by the United States in 1928 and worked towards peace, trying to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy |
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| the reduction of armed forces and weapons |
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| a strike by workers in many different industries at the same time |
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| condition in which the production of goods exceeds the demand for them |
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| the management of money matters, including the circulation of money, loans, investments, and banking |
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| the central banking system of the US, in an effort to slow the run on the stock market, regulated banks and raised interest rates in 1928 and 1929 |
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| a time of global economic collapse; the crisis began in the United States in 1929 and spread to the rest of the world |
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| the president of the United States elected in 1932 to ensure that the government had an active role in combating the Great Depression |
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| the massive package of economic and social programs proposed by FDR. (ie: social security for elderly, pensions etc) |
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| leader of the fascist party in Italy, appointed prime minister in 1922 by King Victor Emmanuel III, fearing civil war. |
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| party militants who rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action, worked under Mussolini. |
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| the event where tens of thousands of Fascists swarmed outside their capital to demand that the government made changes; Mussolini prime minister as result |
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| form of government in which a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens |
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| any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights |
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| the system developed by the Soviet Union in which government officials made all basic economic decisions |
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| large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group |
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| wealthy farmers who were behind the resistance of Stalin’s forced collectivization in agriculture |
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| a system of brutal labor camps |
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| art style that Stalin required artists and writers to create their works in, its goal was to show Soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future |
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| making a nationality’s culture more Russian |
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| the belief that there is no god |
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| the Communist International formed by Lenin in 1919 |
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| prime minister who leads the parliamentary system in Germany |
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| a coal rich valley which France occupied when Germany fell behind in reparations payments, government printed money to pay dissatisfied workers; inflation spiraled out of control, German mark nearly worthless |
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| Germany’s empire under Adolf Hitler |
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| the secret police of Hitler’s Nazis who used brutal means to control all areas of German life |
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| the laws passed by the Nazis in 1935 which deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restriction on them |
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| policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace |
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| series of laws passed by Congress in the mid-1930s which opposed war |
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| the alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan who agreed to fight Soviet communism and not to interfere with one another’s plans for territorial expansion |
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| a conservative general, who in 1936 led a revolt that started a bloody civil war in Spain; backed by Fascists, Nationalists, Hitler, Mussolini |
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| Hitler’s forced union of Austria and Germany |
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| a region of western Czechoslovakia where Hitler insisted that the three million Germans living there be granted autonomy |
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| the agreement between enemies, Hitler and Stalin, to keep peaceful relations, not fight if the other went to war, divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them |
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| Germany’s preferred method of was the “lighting war,” utilized improved tank and airpower technologies to strike a devastating blow against the enemy. |
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| German air forces used in blitzkrieg to bomb the enemy |
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| port in France from which 300,000 Allied troops were evacuated when their retreat by land was cut off by the German advance in 1940 |
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| the capital of the German occupied France |
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| the “Desert Fox,” was one of Hitler’s most brilliant commanders |
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| detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state |
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| Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish problem” –the genocide of all European Jews |
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| FDR’s policy of being able to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.” |
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| the character who symbolized women in the United States, taking the places of men in industrial jobs: building planes and producing munitions when men off to fight in the war |
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| ships that transport aircraft and accommodate the take-off and landing of airplanes |
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| American General who took command of a joint British and American force in Morocco and Algeria in 1942 |
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| the town in the Soviet Union where Hitler stopped on his advance to the oil rich fields of the south and fought one of the costliest battles of the war |
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| code name for the day that Allied forces invaded France during WWII, June 6, 1944 |
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Definition
| the conference where Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin agreed the Soviet Union would enter WWII against Japan in three months of Germany’s surrender |
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Definition
| Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies won WWII in Europe |
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Definition
| the forced march of Filipino and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military during WWII |
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Definition
| the US general who used island hopping to retake the Philippines |
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Definition
| the campaign to recapture some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others; the captured islands as stepping stones to the next objective |
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| pilots who undertook suicide missions |
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| code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII |
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Definition
| mid-sized city in Japan where the first atomic bom was dropped in August, 1945 |
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Definition
| a coastal city in southern Japan where the second atomic bomb was dropped in August, 1945 |
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Definition
| city in southern Germany where Hitler staged Nazi rallies in the 1930s, and later where Nazi war crimes trials were held after WWII |
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Definition
| international organization established after WWII with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the international community |
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Definition
| state of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the US on one side and the Soviet Union on the other that rarely led to direct armed conflict |
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Definition
| US’s policy, established in 1947, of trying to contain the spread of communism |
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Definition
| massive aid package offered by the US to Europe to help countries rebuild after WWII |
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Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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Definition
| a military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc; countries from other regions later joined the alliance |
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Definition
| mutual defense alliance between the Soviet Union and seven satellites in Eastern Europe set up in 1955 |
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Definition
| nations stronger than other powerful nations; United States and the Soviet Union after WWII |
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Term
| Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) |
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Definition
| missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries |
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Definition
| the US president who, in the 1980s, launched a program to build a “Star Wars” missile defense against nuclear attack |
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Definition
| an era of relaxed tensions during the 1970s, ended in 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan |
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Definition
| leader of an armed rebellion against the corrupt dictator of Cuba; became dictator and transformed Cuba in the Cuban Revolution; he nationalized businesses and put most land under government control, and restricted Cubans’ political freedom |
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Definition
| the US president who, in 1961, supported an invasion attempt by US-trained Cuban exiles |
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Definition
| a value system and beliefs |
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Definition
| the new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death in 1953; he denounced Stalin’s abuse of power and closed prison camps and eased censorship |
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Definition
| Khrushchev’s successor who held power from the mid-1960s until he died in 1982; under him, critics faced arrest and imprisonment. |
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Definition
| America’s basic policy toward communist countries; this was a strategy to keep communist within its existing boundaries and preventing further expansion |
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Definition
| a period of time when the economy shrinks |
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Definition
| the movement to communities outside an urban core; as Americans became more affluent, more people could afford to move outside of the city |
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Definition
| unequal treatment or barriers; minorities suffered discrimination in jobs and voting |
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| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Definition
| one of the most respected leaders of the American civil rights movement, headed the movement for equality among all; often attacked and jailed for his beliefs but did not stop fighting for freedom until his murder in 1968. |
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Definition
| West Germany’s chancellor who guided the rebuilding of cities, factories, and trade from 1949 to 1963 |
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Definition
| a country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people |
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Definition
| treaty signed by West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Italy dedicated to establishing free trade among member nations for all products |
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Term
| Gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Definition
| the total value of all goods and services produced in a nation within a particular year |
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Definition
| forced pooling of peasant land and labor. |
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Definition
| Mao’s program from 1958 to 1960, which urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output |
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Definition
| the project Mao started in 1966; its goal was to purge china of bourgeois tendencies |
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Definition
| line of latitude on which the Soviet and American forces agreed to temporarily divide Korea |
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Definition
| the dictator of North Korea who became a communist ally of the Soviet Union |
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Definition
| the dictatorial, but noncommunist, leader of South Korea, whom the United States backed |
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Definition
| the line where UN forces finally stopped North Korea’s advances into South Korea in August, in its attempts to take control over the entire country |
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Definition
| area with no military forces |
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Definition
| small groups of loosely organized soldiers who made surprise raids against their enemy |
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Definition
| a nationalist and communist who had fought the Japanese and then the French in what is known as the French Indochina War |
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Definition
| a bloody battle in 1954 which Vietnam won, surprising the French and forcing them to leave Vietnam. |
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Definition
| the view that a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across Southeast Asia to fall to communism |
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Definition
| aka the National Liberation Front: the communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnams government |
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Definition
| the guerrilla forces attack on the Vietnamese New Year, Tet, in 1968. They came out of the jungles and attacked American and South Vietnamese forces in cities all across the south; turning point in pubic opinion of the US |
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Definition
| the force of Cambodian communist guerrillas, who gained ground in Cambodia and overthrew the Cambodian government in 1975, led by Pol Pot |
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Definition
| led the Khmer Rouge in a reign of terror, slaughtering, starving, or working to death more than a million Cambodians, about a third of the population |
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Definition
| Muslim religious warriors |
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Definition
| energetic new leader of the Soviet Union who took power in1985; signed arms control treaties with the US, pulled soviet troops out of Afghanistan, ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss the country’s problems openly; his reforms, however well-intentioned, brought economic turmoil |
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Definition
| openness; what Gorbachev urged in his country as he ended censorship |
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| restructuring; another reform Gorbachev wanted |
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| leader of Solidarity in Poland; arrested by the Polish government and became a national hero; eventually released from prison |
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Definition
| an independent labor union |
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Definition
| a dissident writer and human rights activist who was elected president in Czechoslovakia |
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Definition
| Romania’s longtime dictator who was overthrown and executed when he refused to step down |
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| members of an Indian religious minority |
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| a state in the Himalayas with Muslim and Hindu populations which India and Pakistan fought a war over |
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Definition
| first prime minister of India who led his country from 1947 to 1964 |
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Definition
| outcasts who were discriminated against and treated inhumanely |
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Definition
| Nehru’s daughter who was elected as prime minister two years after her father’s death in 1964 |
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Definition
| a prosperous and largely Sikh state for which some Indian Sikhs wanted independence; occupied Golden Temple in 1984 |
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Definition
| the Sikh religion’s holiest shrine where some Indian Sikhs occupied in 1984 in order to get independence for Punjab |
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Definition
| was formerly East Pakistan; they declared independence for East Pakistan under the name of Bangladesh in 1971 |
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Definition
| political and diplomatic independence from both Cold War superpowers |
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Definition
| a government with unlimited power |
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Definition
| the leader of a party who opposed military rule in Myanmar, when her party won in an election, the results were rejected and she was held under house arrest; she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 but remained a prisoner |
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Definition
| the first president of Indonesia until Suharto seized power in 1966 |
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Definition
| corrupted dictator of Indonesia, ruled for 3 decades, he took control after stopping a supposed communist attempt at power; hundreds of thousands of Communists and suspected communists were slaughtered; forced to resign in 1998 |
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Definition
| a former Portuguese colony which Indonesia seized from Portugal in 1975 |
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Definition
| the president of the Philippines elected in 1965 who abandoned democracy and became a dictator and cracked down on basic freedom |
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Definition
| Marcos’ rival who was murdered by him |
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Definition
| wife of Benigno who was elected president of the Philippines in 1986; under her and her successors, the fragile democracy struggled to survive |
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Definition
| grasslands with scattered trees |
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Definition
| a skilled speaker and organizer who demanded freedom in the Gold Coast, now Ghana |
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Definition
| a skilled speaker and organizer who demanded freedom in Kenya |
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Definition
| the forcible overthrow of a government |
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Definition
| the dictator of Zaire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was supported by the US to counter Soviet support for the government of neighboring Angola |
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Definition
| people who want government policies to be based on the teachings of Islam |
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Definition
| a province in the Congo which holds valuable natural resources, including diamonds and copper |
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Definition
| a region that declared independence as the Republic of Biafra by the mainly Christian Ibo people in Nigeria in 1966. After a 3 year war, Nigeria’s military won and ended Biafra’s independence |
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Definition
| a collective farm which produced crops for export in the independent State of Israel under David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel |
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Definition
| the policy of being nonreligious in government and law |
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Definition
| the policy of being nonreligious in government and law |
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Definition
| tradition of wearing the traditional Muslim headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal |
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Definition
| the canal that connects Europe with Asia and East Africa |
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| popular nationalist who seized power in Egypt in 1952; led two unsuccessful wars against Israel, and to counter US support for Israel, relied on Soviet aid |
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Definition
| Nasser’s successor who took power in 1979 and became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel; weakened ties with the Soviet Union and sought US aid. Assassinated in 1981 by Muslim fundamentalists |
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Definition
| leader of nationalist opponents of Iran’s monarch, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi; elected prime minister in 1951, and nationalized the western-owned oil industry. |
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Definition
| a religious leader who condemned Western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law |
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Definition
| a government ruled by religious leaders |
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Definition
| the northern portion o the island of Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom that has had a long religious conflict |
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Definition
| the peace accord signed by Protestants and Catholics in 1998 in Northern Ireland to stop the violence |
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Definition
| a republic within Russia where rebels have fought for independence from Russia |
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Definition
| the state of being made up of several ethnic groups |
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Definition
| killing people from other ethnic groups or forcibly removing them from their homes to create ethnically “pure” areas |
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Definition
| a Serbian province where Ethnic Albanians made up about 90 percent of Kosovo’s population and the rest of the population mostly Serbian; the site of a major ethnic conflict during the 1990s |
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Definition
| the extremely nationalistic Serbian president who, in 1989, begun oppressing Kosovar Albanians which led to genocide and a civil war |
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Definition
| the separation of the races in South Africa after 1948 |
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Term
| African National Congress (ANC) |
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Definition
| the main organization that opposed apartheid and led the struggle for majority rule |
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Term
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Definition
| a black township where police killed 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration there in 1960; turning point for ANC, led to more violence |
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Definition
| an ANC leader who first mobilized worked to peacefully resist apartheid laws, then, as government violence grew, called for armed struggle against the white minority government; sentenced to life in prison but remained a powerful symbol of the struggle for freedom; elected the first president of a truly democratic South Africa. |
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Definition
| a black South African bishop who won the Nobel peace prize in 1984, for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid |
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Definition
| the South African president who finally ended apartheid because of outside pressure and protests at home |
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Definition
| the majority in Rwanda but were dominated by Tutsis. In 1994, extremist Hutu officials urged civilians to kill their Tutsi and moderate Hutu neighbors |
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Definition
| the minority of Rwanda who dominated the country for several years; then when the Hutus struck back, around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered and another 3 million of Rwanda’s 8 million people lost their homes to destructive mobs. |
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Definition
| a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict had spread by 2004; the conflict raised fears of a new genocide |
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Definition
| the regions that the Arabs failed to regain from the Israeli forces after they had seized in the 1973 war |
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Definition
| leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) which headed the Palestinian struggle against Israel |
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Definition
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Definition
| Israel’s Prime Minister who signed the Oslo Accord with Yasir Arafat in 1993 |
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Definition
| a city which is sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christians; there has been conflict between Palestine and Israel over the claim of the holy city |
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Definition
| an armed group of citizen soldiers |
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Definition
| an armed group of citizen soldiers |
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Definition
| horrific dictator of Iraq after he seized power in 1979; brutalized and murdered hundreds of thousands |
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Term
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Definition
| areas where Iraqi aircraft were forbidden to fly |
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Term
| Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) |
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Definition
| biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons |
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Definition
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