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| Chinese practice of easing pain by sticking thin needles into patients' skin. |
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| scientist who studies the physical characteristics and cultures of humans and their ancestors. |
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| human made channel built to carry water |
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| noble whose wealth came from land. |
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| weapon, tool, or other item made by humans |
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| to exchange goods without using money |
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| a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government. |
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| groups of traveling merchants and animals |
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| steep rapids formed by cliffs and boulders in a river. |
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| independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages |
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| complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system |
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| group of families related by blood or marriage |
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| settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties with its homeland. |
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| Spanish conqueror or soldier in the Americas. |
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| one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome. |
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| area of fertile soil at the mouth of a river |
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| government in which all citizens share in the running of the government |
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| In Hinduism, the divine law that requires people to perform the duties of their caste. |
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| In ancient Rome, a person who ruled with complete power temporarily during emergencies. |
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| system of government in which people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters. |
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| official church teachings |
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| story told by actors who pretend to be characters in a story |
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| line of rulers from a same family |
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| organized way in which people produce, sell, and buy goods and services. |
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| process developed by the ancient Egyptians of preserving a person's body after death. |
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| long poem that tells about legendary or heroic deeds. |
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| period of forced absence from one's country or home. |
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| to sell to another country |
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| short tale that teaches a lesson |
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| children's respect for their parents and older relatives, an important part of Confucian beliefs. |
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| an open space in Rome that served as a market place or public square. |
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| religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism |
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| period when the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek people of southwest Asia. |
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| person who was conquered and enslaved by the ancient Spartans. |
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| organization with different levels of authority |
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| person who studies and writes about the human past. |
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| a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea |
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| to buy from another county |
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| period of rapidly increasing prices; usually goods are more expensive than they are worth |
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| in Hinduism,the good or bad energy a person builds up based upon whether he or she has lived a good life. |
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| what a person leaves behind when he or she dies. |
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| refers to a group that traces descent through mothers rather than fathers. |
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| tower of a mosque from which the crier calls believes to pray five times a day |
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| in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite in summer. |
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| picture made from tiny bits of colored glass, tile or stone |
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| a traditional story describing gods, heroes, or explaining natural events. |
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| a person who regularly moves from place to place |
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| green area in a desert fed by underground water |
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| government in which a small group of people holds power |
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| sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess |
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| wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome |
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| long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire |
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| body of land with water on three sides |
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| member of the common people in ancient Rome. |
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| important government official in ancient Rome. |
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| prince who led an Aryan tribe in India |
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| change that tries to bring about improvement |
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| a system of government in which citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and government decisions on their behalf |
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| form of government in which the leader is not a queen or king but a person elected by citizens |
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| work that pokes fun at human weaknesses |
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| group of people who share a similar position in society |
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| Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound |
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| large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it |
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| military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country |
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| government headed by religious leaders |
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| payment made by one group or nation to another to show obedience or to obtain peace or protection |
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| in ancient Rome, a three person ruling group |
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| in ancient Rome, a three person ruling group |
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