Term
| Attributes of pre-australopithecines |
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Definition
| massive browridge, bipedal, nonhoning chewing complex, mix of ape and human features, still went in trees. Also known as Ardi |
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Term
| What is significant about the fossil find: Ardipitecus Ramidus? |
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Definition
| shows the evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex, showed that the feet were adapted for life in the trees and on the ground. |
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Term
| What do the environmental reconstructions tell us about the life of Ardi? |
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Definition
| that ardi lived in a forest, and that the first early hominids did not evolve in grasslands |
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Term
| trends from pre-australopithecines to australopithecines |
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Definition
| pre-australopitecines teeth had wear on tip of canine, but with modified honing, and australopithecines had nonhoning teeth. Pre=australopithecines bones had vestiges of apelike aboreal traits, and australopithecines lost that trait. Pre-australopithecines bones had vestiges of apelike aboreal traits, and australopithecines lost that trait. Pre-australopithecines brains were small, and australopithecines brains were slightly larger. |
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Term
| A. anamensis--> u to v dentition |
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Definition
| similar to ardipithecus, large canines, parallel tooth rows in upper jaw, lower third premolar with a large outer cusp and small inner cusp |
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Term
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Definition
| 40% complete skeleton, phalanges were same length as modern humans, but are curved, suggesting some aroreal locomotion with the hands |
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Term
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Definition
| thousands of footprints from many species of animals found there, with three hominid tracks that showed characteristics of bipedalism (round heels, double arches, and nondivergent big toes) |
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Term
| when do we begin to see human evolution becoming more complex? (more than one species) |
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Definition
| around 3mya two lineages of hominid evolution began to emerge from one (homo and later australopithecine lineages) |
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Term
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Definition
| from east africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with A. afarensis |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestral to the genus homo, and was part of the Oldowan Complex (simple stone tools) |
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Term
| what is a siggital crest? what does it have to do with diet? |
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Definition
| a sagittal crest is a ridge on the top of the skull like a mohawk, indicating that the hominid had very stong chewing muscles |
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Term
| Longest surviving species of australopithecines in South Africa? |
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Definition
| A. robustus was probably the longest-surviving species |
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Term
| first hominid to leave africa? |
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Definition
| homo erectus was the first to leave africa and was likely descendents of homo habilis |
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Term
| trends from late australopithecines to homo |
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Definition
| australopithecines had an enormous chewing complex with very large lack teeth, jaws and face, and also had a smaller brain. for homo, everthing was smaller, but the brain was bigger. this gave homo a more rounded head |
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Term
| what "characteristic" human behaviors do we see with this genus? |
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Definition
| they had smaller jaws, teeth, and face, and a larger brain |
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Term
| homo habilis significance of tool use |
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Definition
| tool use may be linked to larger brain size and smaller masticatory muscles. the use of tools allowed them to eat a wider variety of food and became a part of their everyday lives |
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Term
| homo habilis--> OH 62 significance |
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Definition
| was the skeleton of an individual that was short, that was bipedal, but not quite like modern humans |
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Term
| trends from homo habilis to homo erectus |
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Definition
| homo erectus had no sagittal crest and had smaller teeth, indicating a much softer diet. they were also completely bipedal, and had a modern ratio of arm length to leg length |
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Term
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Definition
| found the first homo erectus in Java |
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Term
| what differences do we see with Nariokatome boy? (compared to last australoptihecines and homo habilis) |
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Definition
| 80% complete juvenile skeleton, the ratio of arm length to leg length was more modern. this ratio showed that homo erectus was completely bipedal |
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Term
| variability in homo erectus |
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Definition
| some homo erectus still had large an robust bones, while others were quite gracile. also, some were tall and others were short |
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Term
| significance of Dmanisi site |
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Definition
| found first homo erectus in asia, had habilis-like facial characteristics, fossils showed that homo erectus spread |
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Term
| Zhoukoudian, China--> role of fire in human adaptation |
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Definition
| found burned animal bones, burned stone tools, burned plants, charcoal, and ash showed that homo erectus used fire to cook food. being able to cook foods allowed homo erectus to eat a much wider variety of food and gave access to more nutrients |
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Term
| Zhoukoudian, China--> lost in the war |
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Definition
| during WWII all 40-50 skeletons were lost, but Franz Weidenreich thoroughly studied the bones and teeth, wrote detailed scientific reports, and had many casts, photographs, and drawings |
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Term
| what contributed to rapid increase in height/brain size associated with homo erectus |
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Definition
| climate change and its impact on food supply, but most likely because of increased access to animal food sounces |
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Term
| what tool complex is associated with homo habilis? |
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Definition
| homo habilis was associated with the Oldowan complex, which were simple stone tools |
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Term
| what tool complex is associated with homo erectus? |
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Definition
| homo erectus is associated with the Acheulian Complex, which included handaxes and other types of stone tools, and was more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools |
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Term
| What was the appearance of early archaic homo sapiens? |
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Definition
| had a longer, lower skull, a larger browridge, a bigger and more projecting face, a wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin |
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Term
| where were early archaic homo sapiens found? |
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Definition
| they were first found in Israel and Ethiopia |
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Term
| mixture of erectus-like traits and more modern traits |
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Definition
| the skhul 5 skeleton from israel had archaic features, and the Herto skulls from ethiopia have a combination of archaic and modern features |
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Term
| Kabwe ("broken hill man") |
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Definition
| found in Zambia, had enormous browridges, but facial bones and muscle attachment on the head were much smaller than homo erectus |
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Term
| significance of Atapuerca 5 |
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Definition
| was a nearly complete skeleton found in Spain, had large browridges and a pronounced facial projection, and had a wide nasal aperture. these all foreshadowed Neandertals |
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Term
| what does heavy wear on the anterior teeth suggest? |
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Definition
| this suggested that they used their teeth as a tool, perhaps as a third hand for gripping things. front teeth were becoming more important and back teeth less important, and natural selection changed both of them |
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Term
| late archaic homo sapiens continue what trends begun with early homo? |
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Definition
| lack of occipital bun, smaller teeth, larger brain, reduced face, vertical forehead, more rounded skull, and gracile postcranial bones |
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Term
| what does the body morphology of Neandertals suggest? |
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Definition
| many of their body features are consistent with cold adaptation, such as a large nose, larger holes in the face to allow larger blood vessels to prevent freezing, and shorter compact bodies that better retained heat |
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Term
| classic characterisics of neandertals |
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Definition
| wide nasal apertures, a projecting face, an occipital bun, a long and low skull, large front teeth, a wide and stock body, and short limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Neandertals that had a number of characteristics that are similar to archaic homo sapiens in europe, such as small and round eye orbits, large and wide nasal openings, and had forward-projecting faces. they also had characteristics of modern homo sapiens, such as the lack of the occipital bun and the presence of relatedly small teeth. remains were found in pits, indicating burial |
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Term
| significance of Shanidar 1 |
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Definition
| a neandertal with its upper incisors severely worn from using its mouth as a tool, it was missing an arm, and had an injury to the eye which probably caused blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| stone tool complex associated with neandertals, includes a complex an distinctive type of flaking call the Levallois (the core of a stone was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core) |
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Term
| were neandertals a "less successful" adaptation? |
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Definition
| based on the book they were not. originally they were thought to be, but then more evidence was found that showed that neandertals were just as capable as archaic homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
| has a combination of archaic and modern features, with modern features dominating over the archaic ones. found in ethiopia |
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Term
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Definition
| found in asia, example of a hominid with archaic features, including a somewhat forward-projecting face and pronounced browridges, and modern features, such as a distinctive chin and no occipital bun. found in israel |
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Term
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Definition
| three skulls were found here that are robust compared to living asians, but the facial flatness is characteristic of native eastern asians today |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest modern homo sapien found in europe, had a distinctively modern skull with very reduced browridges and a generally gracile appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| skulls from europe that showed variability, including neandertal characteristics in some and modern characteristics in others |
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Term
| Dolni Vestonice, Predmosti |
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Definition
| skulls from europe that retain a few neandertal characteristics, but are more modernt in appearance than the Mladec people |
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Term
| cro-magnon site significance |
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Definition
| earliest modern people with distinctly modern features |
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Term
| what are the significant finds from the four Upper Paleolithic cultures? what is each one associated with? |
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Definition
Aurignacion-->first anatomically modern humans in europe
gravettian-->earliest art, in the form of carved figuringes
solutran--> made very fine stone points
magdalenian--> made paintings and carvings |
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Term
| 4 reasons AMH would migrate to extreme environments? |
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Definition
| Population increase, desappearance of food sources, increased competition with neighbors, and climate deterioration. the groups of humans would migrate slowly, and evolution would change their bodies to better adapt to the different situations that they faced |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest archaeological evidence of humans in australia. skulls had modern characteristics, but also had features of homo erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest archaeological evidence of humans in australia. skulls had modern characteristics, but also had features of homo erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| hobbit, found in eastern asia. theres a debate whether this is a new species of homo that got isolated during human evolution or just an individual with a developmental defect. there is no other evidence on this possible species |
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Term
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Definition
| skull from washington that was long and narrow, but the face and jaws were robust |
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Term
| what date/time period marks the beginning of domestication? |
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Definition
| 10,000 years ago, during the Neolithic period |
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Term
| why did AMH need a new type of subsistence? |
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Definition
| the environment changed radically, going from cooler, drier, and highly variable to warmer, wetter, and more stable. this allowed humans to grow food consistently. also, everywhere where agriculture developed population also increased, so that is probably the biggest reason why. |
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Term
| what does the masticatory-functional hypothesis state? |
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Definition
| it states that change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles as people shifted from eating hard-textured wild foods to eating soft-textured agricultural foods |
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Term
| what are some of the effects of domestication? |
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Definition
| as the populations of towns and cities rose, they started to compete over the same food resources, and organized warfare developed. intense agriculture also would use up all the resources of the land and make it useless, cuasing cities to be abandoned and the land changed forever. overfishing and overhunting caused animal resources to deplete. because humans stated to ear softer foods and our heads/mouths werent as big, they have lots of orthodontic problems. |
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Term
| how is agriculture an adaptive trade-off? |
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Definition
| by practicing intense agriculture, we can provide more food for a growing population, but it also causes many other problems that would not be present without it. |
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