Term
| What is the speed of light? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Light entering the eye is what? |
|
Definition
| Luminance which gives rise to the sense of brightness |
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|
Term
| is brightness subjective? |
|
Definition
| Yes, because the sensation of brightness can be only partly attributed to the intensity of light entering the eyes. |
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Term
| brightness is the result of what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1) the intensity of light falling ona given region of the retina at a certain time. 2)the intensity of light that the retina has been subject to in the recent past. (adaptation) 3) the intensities of light falling on other regions of the retina (contrast) |
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Term
| The change in increasing intensity in color perception is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| knowledge of the normal color of an object is called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Alignment of brain cells forms the basis of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if all objects and surfaces in a room receive equal amounts of light? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| brightness contrast creates the relationship between what two things? |
|
Definition
| foreground and background |
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Term
| a single spotlight on a stage is an extreme example of what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a luminaire emits light in what 3 directions |
|
Definition
downward upward or multidirectional |
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Term
| direct glare is caused by what? |
|
Definition
by the lighting system excessive light misdirected toward the eye. |
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Term
| Visual comfort probability (VCP) depends on what? |
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Definition
the size and shape of the room the reflectances of room surfaces and the location and light distribution of the luminaires |
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Term
|
Definition
| excessive uncontrolled luminance reflected from objects or surfaces in the field of view. |
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Term
| To provide accurate color perception what must happen? |
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Definition
| a light source must emit those wavelengths that the material reflects. |
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Term
| Warm white light emphasizes what colors of the spectrum? |
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Definition
| the longer wavelengths at the end of the spectrum like yellow, red, and orange |
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Term
| cool white light emphasizes what colors of the spectrum? |
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Definition
| the shorter wavelengths of spectrum like blue, green, violet and yellow. |
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Term
| what does color rendering express? |
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Definition
| how colors appear under a given light source. |
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Term
| a warm atmosphere suggests what? |
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Definition
| friendlieness or coziness |
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Term
| a cool atmosphere suggests what? |
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Definition
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Term
| if the lighting system for an installation is unknown two light sources should be used to examine samples they are? |
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Definition
1) should be predominantly blue in spectral distribution such as a daylight fluorescent lamp. 2)predominantly red such as an incandescent lamp. |
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Term
| what do you know about direct sunlight? |
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Definition
| is the directional beam emitted by the sun |
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Term
| what do you know about skylight? |
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Definition
| is the diffuse reflection of light from particles in the atmosphere. |
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Term
| monotony and over stimulation can result in what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| moveable controls provide any desired degree of what two situations? |
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Definition
1) light transmission 2)total blackout |
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Term
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Definition
(light sensing devices) they automatically switch electric luminaires off when the daylight contribution at selected interior locations reaches prescribed levels they are switched on as daylight decreases. |
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Term
| the most frequently used base for incandescent lamps is what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| lamp efficacy is the ratio of what two variables? |
|
Definition
| light produced to electricity consumed. |
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Term
| incandescent lamps are divided into what 3 categories? |
|
Definition
1) Directional 2)Semi-Directional 3) Non-Directional |
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Term
| what do you know about EPACT? |
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Definition
| The US Energy Policy Act of 1992, it established the minimum average efficacy standards for certain incandescent R and PAR lamps that operate at 115-130 volts and have a medim base. |
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Term
| List two construction constraints of the built environment |
|
Definition
1)Depth of Luminaires to Plenum 2)Vented Luminaires that vent heat to the Plenum |
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Term
| This source produces light by heating a tungsten filament to a point at which it glows_____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this source produces light by means of an electric arc that excites phospors.______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This gaseous discharge source contains a small tube with an electric arc that generates appreciable amounts of light such as a mercury vapor lamp |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This source uses a semi-conductor with a chemical chip embedded in a plastic capsule |
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Definition
| LED (light emitting diode) |
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Term
| the unit of measurement of light that strikes a surface |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the unit of measurement of light reflected from a surface |
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Definition
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Term
| in 1974 this event brought about a major energy conservative initiative and triggered the promotion of low-voltage lighting products |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this thin light sensitive membrane lining of the eyeball...often compared to film in a camera |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an irregularity in the curvature of the cornea and lens |
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Definition
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|
Term
| list the four stages in the transformation of energy |
|
Definition
1)electricity 2)electro-magnetic energy 3)visible radiant energy 4)chemical energy |
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Term
| if you have one object with 85% reflection placed agains an object with 50% reflection...what is the percentage brightness difference...show the equation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if you are using a light source projecting 150 footcandles on a surface with 80% reflection...how many footlamberts will you have... |
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Definition
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Term
| list the 6 components that influence a lighting design |
|
Definition
1)client motivation 2)client perception vision 3)color 4)mood 5)activities 6)daylighting |
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Term
| list 6 factors by which a designer can analyze a lighting project |
|
Definition
1)assement of client and site 2)use of compositional techniques 3)evaluation of construction constraints 4)selection of light sources 5)selection of luminaires 6)communication of the design |
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Term
| list the 3 "visual tools" that may be used in the analysis of a lighting design |
|
Definition
1)floor cavity 2)room cavity 3)ceiling cavity |
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Term
| list the 5 overall cost factors related to lighting |
|
Definition
1)tax 2)shipping 3)luminaire cost 4)maintenance 5)intial lamping |
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|
Term
| visible light is measured in wavelengths known as |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when light travels through objects of greater optical density it is bent because the speed of light or _______ is slowed. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the element of design refers to contour of an object |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the percentage of people when seated in the least desirable location that find lighting to be comfortable is |
|
Definition
| (VCP) visual comfort probability |
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|
Term
| the principle of design compares an object to something of a known size |
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Definition
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|
Term
| psychological terms may be used to express stimuli. Detailed or complex environments refer to what type of stimuli? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| this is a common treatment for Seaonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| luminaires distribute light by what 2 means? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the sense of light is ____________ referring to the difference of light and dark and quantity of contrast |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| list one thing Perceptual Clarity can rely on |
|
Definition
1) Facial clarity 2)gestures |
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|
Term
| the visible radiant color of light that matches a certain wavelength of light measured in what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This establishes a color temperature of light and the comparison of that light source to objects or surfaces |
|
Definition
| Color Rendering Index (CRI) |
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|
Term
| The degree of lightness or darknessof a color (pigment) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the degree of saturation, purity or strength of a color (pigment) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intermixing pigment primaries |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| combining primariy light wavelengths |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| contrast provided by the interaction of hues through changes in value or intensity |
|
Definition
| law of simultaneous contrast |
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|
Term
| cooler or warmer hues may affect objects in this way |
|
Definition
| objects may advance or recede |
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|
Term
| the efficiency of a light source pertaining to color rendering properties and overall product performance. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| wavelengths of light are measured in what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Neon is what type of light source? |
|
Definition
| a small diameter cold-cathode lamp |
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|
Term
| Hot Cathodes are used for virtually all types of what light source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coiled tungsten filament at each end of the bulb impregnated with electron-emissive materials. |
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|
Term
| what are 3 types of lamp ballast circuits? |
|
Definition
1) Preheat 2)Instant Start 3)Rapid-start |
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|
Term
| the cyclic variation in the light output of a fluorescent light source is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three principle families of HID light sources? |
|
Definition
1) Mercury Vapor 2) Metal Halide 3) High-pressure sodium lamps |
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|
Term
| many high-color-rendering HID lamps have what? and They produce what? |
|
Definition
they have shorter lives and produce lower light output |
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Term
| Dimming Some HID light sources using special ballasts may cause what? |
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Definition
| color shifts and reduced lamp efficacy. |
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|
Term
| This component of daylight can cause excessive levels of brightness that must be controlled |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In an incandescent lamp what determines the amount of electrical current drawn by the lamp also regulating its light output? |
|
Definition
| Length and diameter of the filament |
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|
Term
| Lamp classification codes for diameter are always expressed in what measurement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the three typical filling gases in an incandescent lamp are: |
|
Definition
1) Nitrogen 2)Argon 3)Krypton |
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|
Term
| What type of dimmer should be used if the same lighting system is to be controlled from more than one location? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This incandescent lamp type emits light in all directions usually requiring components to control distribution. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Halogen gas is used in some incandescent lamps to do what? |
|
Definition
| Retards the evaporation of the filament |
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|
Term
| Many reflectorized (R) and Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) and A lamps do no meet the efficiency standards set forth by this. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This is a popular beam precise lamp which can operate at regular or low voltage...often used in projectors |
|
Definition
| Multi-facueted Mirror Reflector (MR) |
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|
Term
| The current time table to phase out the use of many incandescent lamps due to energy concerns in the United States is |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| in an electric discharge lamp light is produced by passning an electric current through what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the color rendering ability of a fluorescent lamp is created by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluorescent lamps require this to regulate the electric current? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| this type of ballasted mechanism in a fluorescent lamp combines the preheat and instant start features and a starter is not necessary |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the vast difference between T12 and T8 or T5 fluorescent lamps is the amount of these 3 things... |
|
Definition
1) glass 2)amount of phosphoruscent material 3)wattage |
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|
Term
| during the first 100 hours of usage the lumen rating (efficacy or efficiency) of most fluorescent lamps drops by what percentage? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the typical range of fluorescent lamp life in hours is what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Color rendering index (CRI) takes into account what 4 variables? |
|
Definition
color rendering quality of light over life of lamp efficiency the lamp life of the lamp |
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|
Term
| the mercury arc in a fluorescent lamp operates at what hertz cycle? |
|
Definition
| 60 Hz this means it turns on and off 120 times per second. |
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|
Term
| light in a fluorescent lamp stays visible due to what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the definition of an LED? |
|
Definition
| A light source consisting of a chemical chip embedded in a plastic capsule. |
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|
Term
| What is the most common conductor material? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| with high power LED what is necessary to maintain reliable light production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 colors are used with LEDs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the white light produced by combining the 3 colors of LED is called a ____________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Dimming LED sources allows what important attribute? |
|
Definition
| the color to remain unchanged |
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|
Term
| what makes the use of LED more environmentally friendly than a fluorescent source? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| One concern about using LED refers to specific light waves that may be toxic to those with macular degeneration this is called a? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| List 3 applications of the use of LED other than lighting |
|
Definition
1)remote control 2)toys 3)flashlights |
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|
Term
| Specular surfaces are virtually what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| corrugated, hammered, brushed, or etched surfaces do what to reflection? |
|
Definition
| disperse or spread the reflected beam. |
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|
Term
| This reflection is compared to sand on the beach where there are no bright spots and the surface appears the same from all angles of view. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An elliptical contour "ellipse" has how many focal points? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what materials are most used for fabrication of reflectors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does diffuse transmission of light do? |
|
Definition
| it disperses light in al directions and eliminates the directional quality of the beam. |
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|
Term
| What are the two basic kinds lens systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science that measures light |
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|
Term
| the perception of surface luminance is based largely on what? in what two ways? |
|
Definition
on the eye's ability to .
1)by dilating
2)by contracting |
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|
Term
| the luminous intensity curve gives a picture of what? |
|
Definition
| the total light pattern produced by a source |
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|
Term
| Typical luminance requirements vary with what three things? |
|
Definition
1) the visual difficulty of the work task
2) the age and eyes of the worker
3) and the importance of speed and accuracy in the completion of the task. |
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|
Term
| electrically charged particles are called what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| resistance results in what? |
|
Definition
| the production of light or heat or oth. |
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|
Term
| what is the best electrical conductor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what current is the prevailing electrical current in use today? |
|
Definition
| alternating current or AC |
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|
Term
| Occupancy sensors work in what four ways? |
|
Definition
1)audio
2)ultrasonic
3)passive infrared
4)optical |
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|
Term
| what dimmers are predominant today? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dimming incandescent lamps does what? |
|
Definition
| increases the life of the lamp. |
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|
Term
| what is the only type of fluorescent lamp that can be dimmed? |
|
Definition
| only rapid-start fluorescent lamps |
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|
Term
| what are the two basic strategies in energy management control? |
|
Definition
1)control in space by electrically positioning (switching) the light where it is needed.
2) control in time or suppling lighting where it is needed. |
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|
Term
| The conrol of light direction is accomplished by what 3 methods? |
|
Definition
1) Reflection 2)Transmission 3)Refraction |
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|
Term
| the type of reflection from a smooth, highly polished surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This reflector contour has 2 focal points places far apart creating a parallel beam |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Glare is controlled by what 2 elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the science of measuring light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intensity of light is measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is light reflected from a surface in a given direction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Light emitted in all directions measured in lumens is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foot candles x percentage of reflectance = |
|
Definition
foot lamberts fcx %reflectance=fl |
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|
Term
| Type of light transmission dispersing light in all directions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wattage equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for voltage |
|
Definition
| wattage divided by amperes |
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|
Term
| what is the equation for amperes |
|
Definition
| wattage divided by voltage |
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|
Term
| technology converts sun into electricity by using the electrons from sunlight through the interaction of sunlight and semi-conductor materials. It does not use sunlight as with the solar power system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources such as solid waste or garbage, agricultural waste such as corn cobs and wheat and wood produces approximately 1% |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the path through which electricity flows |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the potential of the flow of electricity. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the rate at which electricity is transformed into some other form of energy...such as heat, cool air, cooking elements, etc. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| current that always flows in one direction. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| only one path through which electrons can flow. Load sensitive. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the operating efficiency of a light source found by dividing lumens by wattage |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the rate electricity is transformed into light, heat, cooling, and power for a variety of electrical equipment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the typical generator uses an ________________ produced by electricity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rate of flow of an electric current |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relates to the total light producing output of a light source. the factor is assigned by the manufacturer and allows comparison of lifhr sources to gage product efficiency. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| receptacle uses electromechanical circuits to trip the circuit in the event of a power surge or vast deficiency. This is linked directly to the circuit breaker box where the ultimate point of grounding will take place. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a conducting material (wire) that are formed into a cylinder. When the cylinder rotates it induces tiny electric currents and by combining the currents from many sections of the wire a large current is made. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| converts a form of mechanical energy into electrical energy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The air handler also houses the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special supply units (vents) located in walls or ceilings to diffuse (spread) air into the structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special vents or grates that allow for used air supplied to a room to be re-circulated, cooled, or heated and purified |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| special filters to eliminate impurities in cooled or heated air as it is re-circulated. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a special device placed in a central location to control the temperature of cooled or heated air and to process air in an automatic or forced air system. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total cooloing provided by an air conditoner over the course of its normal annual usage divided by the total electric energy input in watts-hours over that same period. |
|
Definition
| SEER: seasonal energy efficiency ratio |
|
|
Term
| the rating used to express the average specific temperature of a unit for on/off system cycling known as duty factor. |
|
Definition
| HSPF:heating seasonal performance factor |
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|
Term
| a small unit of heat equal to approximately the heat from a wooden kitchen match. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| part of a structure that protects the occupants and property by confining the fire, heat, smoke and toxic fumes to the area of their origin until the fire is extinguished or until it burns itself out totally. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| automatic fire rated door closures help contain fire, heat, smoke and toxic fumes. they are used in HVAC assemblies. Draft stops are required in combustible construction to close off large spaces. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| generally located in or adjacent to stairwells and should contain communication devices to summon help. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are constructed as an entire assembly and are rated for number of minutes or hours necessary to protect people and property by type of building construction, population density and amout of types of access or egress. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| sprinkler head that sits on top of piping and allows for water spray in all directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sprinkler head that is attached to the underside of piping and allows for water spray in all directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sprinkler that typically has one head in smaller rooms attached to one side wall enabling the entire room to be sprinkled by one head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ADA requires that these outlets be mounted... |
|
Definition
| 15 inches/38cm above the finished floor. |
|
|
Term
| wheelchair access requires a public telephone to have front or side access with a clear area of... |
|
Definition
| 30x48 inches or 76x122 cm. |
|
|
Term
| this is a complete computerized and intelligent network of electronics that will monitor and control all lighting and mechanical systems. |
|
Definition
| BAS (Building Automation Systems) |
|
|
Term
| these typically interconnect computers, fax machines, printers and scanners for internal ease of operation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best products to use due to the fact that they are designed to resist interference from electronics and other noise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are best used for high security issues, video systems and unusually heavy transmission loads. These can carry very large loads of data. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these can detect improper entry. They are wired to detect motion or temperature changes. They may be wired to silent systems or internal alarms that are set in range of decibels to frighten an intruder. |
|
Definition
| Photosensors and Infrared detectors |
|
|
Term
| The portion which leads to the entrance of an exit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The portion which is separated from all other spaces of a building or structure by construction or equipment to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion between the termination of an exit and a public way. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the light source is contained outside of the device or legend that is to be illuminated. The light source is typically a dedicated incandescent or fluorescent source. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the light souce is contained inside the device or legend that is illuminated. The light source is typically incandescent, fluorescent, electro luminescent, photoluminescent or light emitting diodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sign is illuminated by self-contained power sources and operates independently of external power sources. |
|
Definition
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