Term
| What does the correspondence between Pliny and Trajan reveal about the status of Christianity in the Roman Empire? |
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Definition
| Christianity wasn't exactly legal. Pliny wrote a letter to Trajan consulting him on the punishment of Christians and Trajan wrote back that they aren't to seek Christians out, but if the Christians denounce their gods that they will be punished. If the 'Christians' show that they worship Roman gods, they can be pardoned, and anonymous tips aren't to be acted upon. |
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Term
| Explain how Timothy 1 is an example of Christians' accommodating themselves to the Roman Empire's standards. |
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Definition
| It advises people to appear acceptable in the face of persecution and live as a good Roman citizen--pray for everyone so they can lead a quiet and peaceful life with their God. 1 Timothy is a pastoral letter claimed to be written by Paul, that emphasizes sound teaching, apostolic tradition and church order. |
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Term
| How does 1 Timothy compare to 1 Corinthians on the issue of marriage and celibacy? |
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Definition
| 1 Timothy suggests marriage for leaders--women will be saved through childrearing while 1 Corinthians say that celibacy is the best option and that even when married you should occasionally abstain. Earlier on they thought Jesus was coming soon--later on they realized he wasn't, and started to make provision for future generations. |
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Term
| How does the Acts of Paul and Thecla differ from 1 Timothy? |
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Definition
| The Acts of Paul and Thecla claim celibacy is necessary. It is a narrative text that claims to be in the tradition of Paul, but says that you have to be celibate. |
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Term
| Explain how the Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas is an example of Christians' resisting the Roman Empires' standards. |
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Definition
| Perpetua was newly married, had a good family and upbringing and an infant son and she rejected Roman conversation (and everything else she had) to die as a martyr. |
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Term
| Why was Perpetua willing to die as a martyr? |
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Definition
| She refuses to be called anything other than a Christian. She also sees a vision of her own victory--sees herself defeating the devil/Satan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spread of the Jews after Babylon took over Israel. |
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Term
| What events led to the destruction of the temple in 70 CE? |
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Definition
| There was a continuing desire for Jewish independence from the Roman Empire, so in 66 CE there was a revolt and in 70 CE the Romans crushed the revolt and destroyed the temple. |
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Term
| What effect did the destruction of the temple have on Jewish life? |
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Definition
| Ritual at temple could no longer be the center of Jewish life--move focus of Judaism from temple-based ritual to texts and interpretation--and the diversity of Second Temple Judaism gradually becomes replaced by Rabbinic Judaism under leadership of rabbis. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between the revolts in 70 and 135 CE and the Mishnah? |
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Definition
| The Mishnah was written after the two revolts to restore Jewish life in the Roman Empire. |
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Term
| Where was the center of Jewish life in the Persian Empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Mishnah and the Talmud? |
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Definition
| Two central texts of Rabbinic Judaism. The Mishnah ("repetition") is a philosophical discussion of biblical laws and their application. The Talmud ("instruction") contains commentary on the Mishnah, and there are two of them. |
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Term
| How did the Early Christian Church define its relationship to Judaism? |
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Definition
| They chose not to observe the Law of Moses and to keep the Old Testament but reinterpret it through Jesus. The Early Christian Period was when Christianity really becomes distinct from Judaism. |
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Term
| What did Marcion teach, and why was he excommunicated? |
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Definition
| He claimed there had to be two Gods: one who gives grace and a creator god/god of justice who created humans and humans owe him something. He was excommunicated for denying there is only one God--both justice and mercy are in Hebrew Scriptures and New Testament. |
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Term
| Why were some Christians persecuted? |
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Definition
| The Emperor in 64 CE blamed Christians for starting a fire that burnt much of Rome--started condemning Christians just for being Christians, persecutions were sporadic and of varying intensity. |
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Term
| How did the legal status of Christianity before Constantine compare to the legal status of Christianity after Constantine? |
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Definition
| Christian worship was legalized in 313 with the conversion of Constantine. By 380, it became the state religion of the Roman Empire. |
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Term
| What does "orthodoxy" mean? |
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Definition
| "Right opinion/judgment." |
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Term
| What distinguished Western Christianity from Eastern Christianity? |
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Definition
Western Christianity: used Latin, focused on precision in theology, claimed Rome as central authority (church had more power than state), and the basic human problem was sin.
Eastern Christianity: Greek, more philosophical, had no central authority (state had more power than church) and the basic human problem was lost divinity, which would be restore by resurrection. |
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Term
| What is a religious order? |
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Definition
| A group of men or women that live in a community with specific rules, take a vow of celibacy, and often run schools or hospitals. They are not like monks because they aren't separated from society. |
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Term
| Why is the Diary of Egeria important? |
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Definition
| It is an important source of liturgy (rules of worship) and church calendar in 4th c. Jerusalem. It was a letter written home from someone on a pilgrimage. |
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Term
| What led to the restriction of pilgrimage in the 7th c.? |
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Definition
| Jerusalem fell to Arab invasion; this leads to the Crusades. |
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Term
| How did Pope Urban II encourage Christians to go on a crusade? |
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Definition
| He said the the soldiers' sins would be forgiven, says that Christ commands it. He spoke of cruel acts by Muslims against Christians in the East. |
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Term
| What place did Jews and Muslims have in 15th c. Spain? |
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Definition
| They were forced to convert or leave because of the Inquisition (inquiring into personal religious beliefs--sought out people who kept own religions privately). |
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Term
| Why does St. Stephen's cathedral have two different towers? |
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Definition
| (?) It was a partially constructed Roman church. A fire destroyed much of the original building and a large replacement structure (reusing two towers?) was constructed over ruins of old church. |
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Term
| Who was the most famous scholastic theologian who wrote the Summa Theologica? |
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Definition
| Thomas Aquinas. It is a synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine |
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Term
| What is the primary difference between the Magisterial Reformers and the Radical Reformers? |
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Definition
| Magisterial reformers worked with secular governments, while radical reformers opposed government involvement in reform efforts (Anabaptists). |
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Term
| What spiritual experiences led Luther to his Protestant beliefs? |
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Definition
| He was nearly struck by lightning and vowed to leave law school and join the Augustinian order, overwhelmed by own sinfulness and dedicated himself to excessive penance (prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, confession). |
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Term
| In his 95 Theses, what was Luther's main point of disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church? |
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Definition
| Indulgences: money contributions to the building of St. Peters in Rome in return for less time in purgatory--said salvation is a free gift through faith, not purchased. Marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. |
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Term
| Reading what text led Zwingli and Calvin to their Protestant beliefs? |
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Definition
| The New Testament in Greek. |
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Term
| On what issue were Zwingli and Luther unable to reconcile? |
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Definition
| Luther said that at the Lord's Supper the body and blood of Christ were present in bread and wine--Zwingli said that the Lord's Supper was completely symbolic. |
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Term
| What teaching is summarized in the TULIP acrostic? |
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Definition
| (1) All humans are sinful (depravity), (2) Unconditional election (predestined to salvation or damnation), (3) Limited atonement of Christ, (4) Irresistable grace to elect, (5) Perseverence in faith of the select. Written by Calvin |
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Term
| How was the English Reformation different from the German and Swiss Reformations? |
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Definition
| The English Reformation was politically motivated with religious consequences. The German and Swiss Reformations were religiously motivated with political consequences. |
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Term
| Where did the Anabaptists get their name? |
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Definition
| 'Re-baptizers': they believe in being baptized a second time (after infant baptism) as a mark of personal commitment. |
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Term
| What changes did the Catholic Church make at the Council of Trent? |
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Definition
| They (1) determined the correct interpretation of the Bible (vs. Protestants), (2) stated that Bible and Tradition have equal authority, (3) maintained authority of Pope, (4) founded seminaries for priests' instruction, (4) affirm justification by faith, but good works have to accompany it. |
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Term
| What is the central belief of Christianity? |
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Definition
| Jesus is the Messiah sent for the salvation of the world. |
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Term
| What are some areas of disagreement among Christians? |
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Definition
| How to weigh Scripture, tradition, and reason--and how to interpret Scripture. |
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Term
| Why do Christians worship on Sunday? |
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Definition
| Because early Christians worshipped on Sunday after Christ's resurrection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement of public worship, with common elements and order. |
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Term
| How many sacraments are there in the Roman Catholic Church? |
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Definition
| There are 7 sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church. A sacrament is a visible rite that makes present the grace of God. |
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Term
| How do contemporary communion practices differ from those of the earliest followers of Jesus? |
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Definition
Baptism: sprinkling of water instead of full immersion, infant baptism and believers baptism.
Eucharist: not a full meal, words of institution used to make bread and wine holy, differing beliefs concerning bread and wine |
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Term
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Definition
| The 4 weeks leading up to Christmas, celebrate the first coming of Jesus and expect the second coming. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 40-day season of fast and prayer in preparation for Easter. |
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Term
| List 4 differences between Catholicism and Protestantism. |
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Definition
Catholicism: have a Pope, are more hierarchical, more unified, priests are celibate and all male. Number of sacraments: 7.
Protestantism: no Pope, less hierarchical, more diverse, ministers marry, some denominations have female ministers. Number of sacraments: 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Second Vatican Council, held in the 1960s. Changes: (1) liturgy in vernacular (what most people speak), (2) encouraged work of biblical scholars, (3) encouraged ecumenism (promoting unity among world's Christian churches). |
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Term
| What did Nostro Aetate encourage? |
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Definition
| Ecumenism: focus on the commonality among people |
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Term
| How did the Enlightenment affect Jewish life in Europe? |
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Definition
| Enlightenment --> Jewish Enlightenment (engagement with and participation in larger society) --> Jewish Emancipation (Jews more integrated into European civil society) |
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Term
| What is the central idea of Reform Judaism? |
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Definition
| Judaism can adapt to dominant Christian culture--can work on Sabbath, worship on Sundays, change texts of prayers and compose new more modern prayers. |
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Term
| Orthodox Judaism is a reaction against what two things? |
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Definition
| Modernity and Reform Judaism. |
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Term
| How does Conservative Judaism differ from Reform Judaism and Orthodox Judaism? |
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Definition
| It is a completely American compromise-- uphold tradition, Torah as principle of life but the process of applying the Torah to life can apply to modern times. |
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Term
| Why do some people prefer the term "Shoa" to "Holocaust" to refer to the extermination of Jews by the Nazis? |
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Definition
'Shoa' = extermination
'Holocaust' = whole burnt offering |
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Term
| When was the State of Israel established? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Judaism more concerned with correct belief or correct practice? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major Jewish holidays, and what is the purpose of each? |
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Definition
Sabbath: holy day, Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, distinguish between holy and profane.
Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year
Yom Kippur: day of atonement, over 24 hours of fasting, time of reflection and repentance.
Passover: celebrate God's deliverance of Israelites from slavery in Egypt.
Hanukkah: celebrates rededication of Temple under Maccabees |
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Term
| What are the differences in practice between Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Jews? |
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Definition
Orthodox: males and females seated separately at synagogue, services in Hebrew, only male rabbis, only bar mitzvah, strict diet and Sabbath observance
Conservative: males and females seated together in synagogue, males and females ordained as rabbis, bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah
Reform Jews: males and females sit together in synagogue, services in vernacular |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the US Constitution that ensure the separation of church and state? |
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Definition
| Article 6, 1st Amendment and 14th Amendment. A6- no religious test as qualification. 1st Am.- no law respecting establishment of religion or prohibition of religion. 14th Am.- cannot enforce law to abridge privileges (religious freedom) of US citizens. |
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Term
| What is the establishment clause? |
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Definition
| Congress cannot make one religion the official religion. |
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Term
| Give two examples of Supreme Court cases related to the free exercise clause. |
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Definition
Reynolds vs. US: marriage to more than 1 person--action cannot be permitted in name of religious freedom, only beliefs.
Church of Lukumi Bablu Aye vs. City of Hialeah: church practicing Santeria was going to move to Hialeah, Hialeah law prohibiting sacrifice of animals for any reason other than for eating. Overturned by Supreme Court: merits 1st Am. protection |
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Term
| Give an example of a way that church and state are not separate in the US. |
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Definition
| 'In God We Trust' on coins and bills, presidential speeches ending with sayings about God, Christmas is a federal holiday. |
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Term
| Give an example of a possible relationship between church and state other than what is currently present in the US. |
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Definition
| (1) Roman Empire; Christianity not exactly legal. (2) 15th c. Spain: ruled by Christians, Jews and Muslims forced to convert or leave, (3) France: separation of church and state, public religious expression is limited. |
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Term
| How did the Jews stay Jewish after 70 CE? |
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Definition
| Setting down rules for living that would allow Jews to keep identity in tact. |
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Term
| What book contains the oral tradition of Judaism? |
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Definition
| The Mishnah, oral interpretations of the Torah, cover every aspect of Jewish life. |
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Term
| Why was is often easier for Jews to live under Islam than under Christianity? |
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Definition
| Christians wanted to separate themselves from Jews so they blamed Jews for Jesus' death--Jews did not have to face this accusation/demonization from Muslims. |
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Term
| What ended the height of Jewish-Arabic culture in Spain? |
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Definition
| Reconquest of Spain by Christians from the North. |
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Term
| Why were the cathedrals in England funded by Jewish rather than Christian moneylenders? |
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Definition
| Christian law forbade usury (lending money at interest). Jews were willing to give loans with interest, take sins on themselves. |
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Term
| At the Barcelona Dispute, how did the Christians aim to convert the Jews? |
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Definition
| By saying that they predicted the coming of the Messiah all along and that Messiah was Jesus, used passages about coming of Messiah in Torah and Talmud |
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Term
| Where was the world's first ghetto? |
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Definition
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