Term
| Isotopes of an element are atoms of the element but with |
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Definition
| different number of neutrons |
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Term
| The land plants evolved about |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The first time coal beds appeared abundantly was |
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Definition
| about 300 million years ago |
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Term
| The extinction of dinosaurs occurred about |
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Definition
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Term
| Shell bearing organisms appeared |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest terrestrial rocks have an isotopic age of |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen isotope method cannot be used to date geological materials because |
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Definition
| all common natural isotopes are oxygen stable |
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Term
| Mineral that cannot be dated by potassium-argon isotope method |
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Definition
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Term
| The stable isotopes produced from decay of uranium isotopes are |
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Definition
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Term
Carbon-14 method of dating can be applied to
(mineral) |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon-14 method of dating is limited to organisms if they are younger than |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon-14 age may not correspond to dates obtained from counting tree rings because |
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Definition
| neutron flux from the fsun that has been necessary to produce carbon-14 isotope in the past may not have been the same as that involved in recent time |
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Term
| The third most abundant gas in our atmosphere is argon. The most abundant isotope of this element in the air is traced to the decay of |
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Definition
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Term
| The following is produced from the decay of carbon-14 |
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Definition
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Term
| Disconformity within a sequence of strata can be established by |
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Definition
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Term
| The isotope methods of dating or terrestrial and extra-terrestrial materials have est. that the age of the earth is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Earthquakes originate in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| cause components of the medium to be disturbed in the same direction as the direction of the propagation |
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Term
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Definition
| have higher amplitudes that p waves |
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Term
| The earths core has a solid segment. This is suggested by the records of |
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Definition
| induced seismic waves that indicated the presence of a shadow zone for the S waves |
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Term
| The seismic waves with the highest amplitude are |
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Definition
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Term
| Deep-focus earthquakes are often concentrated in |
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Definition
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Term
| The following records are used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake |
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Definition
| the differences in arrival times between P and S waves |
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Term
| The average speed of a P wave is about |
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Definition
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Term
| When rocks begin to fracture |
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Definition
| the P wave velocity begins to increase |
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Term
| The magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale refers to |
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Definition
| the maximum amplitude of the P wave measured on a standardized seismogram located at about 100 km away from the epicenter |
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Term
| Relative to an earthquake of 5 on the Richter scale, an earthquake of 8 has a magnitude that is higher by |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative to an earthquake of 5 on the Richter scale, an earthquake of 8 releases about |
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Definition
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Term
| BUildings constructed on flood plains suffer |
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Definition
| more damage than those built on shale because of liquefaction |
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Term
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Definition
| appear as low amplitude waves with crest to crest distance of a mile or more in the open ocean |
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Term
| Seismic surface waves with a high frequency |
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Definition
| cause more damage to short buildings than to tall ones |
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Term
| Earthquakes in eastern Kansas are related to |
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Definition
| movement alone an ancient rift zone |
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Term
| The San Andreas fault with its many branching faults along which many earthquake epicenters are located is about |
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Definition
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Term
| Which on of the following is an example of an earthquake precursor across an area of a known seismic gap |
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Definition
| continued decrease on the speed of induced P waves |
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Term
| Shallow focus earthquakes are limited to depths of less than |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following foundation rocks will be of greater threat to a structure from earthquake activities |
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Definition
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Term
| The magnitude of an earthquake is expressed as |
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Definition
| ten to the power of amplitude in micrometer by a standard seismometer located 100 km away from the epicenter |
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Term
| Magnitude of an earthquake following the construction of a dam could be as high as |
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Definition
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Term
| A brittle substance characteristically has |
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Definition
| a narrow span between the elastic limit and the plastic limit |
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Term
| The following would hinder the formation of fractures in rocks |
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Definition
| high confining stress or uniform stress |
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Term
| Slow application of stress on rocks over a short period of time would most likely result in which type of behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Many shallow earthquakes with low magnitudes occur at lower crust or near transition between crust and mantle. The properties of rocks at these places are most likely to be |
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Definition
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Term
| Formation of reverse faults is due to |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks that are ductile tend to be associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| The San Andreas fault is an example of |
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Definition
| right-lateral strike slip fault |
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Term
| In an anticline the limbs dip |
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Definition
| away from the axial trace and the oldest rocks are at the center |
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Term
| In a syncline the limbs dip |
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Definition
| towards the axial trace and the youngest rocks are at the center |
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Term
| Rock layers exposed to surface in a zig-zag manner would imply the presence of |
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Definition
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Term
| The East African rift and other major rifts are a result of |
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Definition
| an extension of the crust |
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Term
| The topography of the Basin and Range Province that encompasses Nevada and portions of the surrounding states has been generated by a system of north and south trending |
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Definition
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Term
| The Black HIlls of western South Dakota is a |
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Definition
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Term
| In rocks, joints with orientations nearly perpendicular to the surface can be produced by |
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Definition
| tensional stresses when rocks in the crust are folded |
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Term
| Loch Ness in Scotland is situated on a |
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Definition
| left-lateral strike slip fault |
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Term
| In an area, the same rocks appearing in the form of parallel ridges would imply |
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Definition
| a series of folds with their axes nearly horizontal |
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Term
| The essential conditions controlling the relative importance of brittle properties versus ductile properties or rocks are |
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Definition
| temperature, type of stress, rate of application, and composition of rocks |
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Term
| Rapid application of stress on rocks over a short period of time would most likely result in which type of behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| The steepest portion of a stream's longitudinal profile is located |
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Definition
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Term
| Stream competence is measured by |
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Definition
| the largest particle size that the stream can transport in its bed load |
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Term
| The discharge of a stream increases as |
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Definition
| velocity, width, and depth increase |
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Term
| Active erosion in a meander takes place |
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Definition
| along the outer bank of the bend |
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Term
| Flow around the meander results in erosion on one bank, but deposition on the other bank marked by |
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Definition
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Term
| After a tributary has joined a major stream, the unified stream immediately below the confluence must have |
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Definition
| high velocity than the major stream |
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Term
| The ratio of dissolved chemical load to sediment load in a stream may increase by |
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Definition
| an increase in vegetation in the drainage basin |
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Term
| Which one of the following is the most abundant chemical group in major rivers around the world |
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Definition
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Term
| The two most abundant dissolved chemical components of river waters are primarily from the dissolution of |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| deposition of course sediment as velocity decreases abruptly for water that spills over banks |
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Term
| An incised meander is an indication of |
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Definition
| a lowering of the base level of erosion |
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Term
| Which of the following is an example of local or regional base level of erosion |
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Definition
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Term
| The construction of a dam across a river would cause |
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Definition
| the river to produce more bank erosions downstream from the dam |
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Term
| River terraces can be the result of |
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Definition
| periodic drops in the base level of erosion |
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Term
| A "misfit" river could be an indication that |
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Definition
| the river has been a victim of stream piracy and a lowering base of erosion |
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Term
| A braided channel developed due to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The floodplain development for urban grown leads to |
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Definition
| frequent flooding from a decrease on the lag time between rainfall and cresting of the river |
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Term
| A dendritic drainage pattern implies that |
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Definition
| the area is underlain by undeformed rocks that have nearly uniform erosion |
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Term
| A trellis drainage pattern implies that |
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Definition
| the area is underlain by a sequence of hard and soft rocks that are highly folded |
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Term
| Distributaries are located in which part if a stream system |
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Definition
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Term
| An extensive delta growth is influenced by |
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Definition
| considerable uplifting of and heavy rainfall in the drainage basin |
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Term
| Waters in most rivers in the world are fresh waters with the total dissolved solid contents of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Total dissolved solids of global average river is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a major dissolved chemical component of average river water |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the second most abundant dissolved chemical component of average river water |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the least abundant chemical component of global river water |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the sequence in terms of the decrease in the relative size of the reservoir |
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Definition
| groundwater > lakes > soil moisture > atmosphere > rivers = biosphere |
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