Term
|
Definition
| number between 1.0 and 4.0 that indicates how strongly an atom attracts electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 4 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 5 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 6 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 7 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 8 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 9 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Carbons in chain = 10 |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of polar attraction between a H with a partial positive and a very electronegative atom F, O, or N |
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Term
| Tetrahedral molecular geometry |
|
Definition
Bond angle = 109.5
ex: Methane |
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Term
| Linear molecular geometry |
|
Definition
Bond angle = 180
ex: ethylene |
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Term
| Trigonal planar molecular geometry |
|
Definition
Bond angle = 120
Ex: formaldehyde |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mild hallucinogen thought to have given the Oracle of Delphi visions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecule with linear geometry, used by welders as fuel in welding torches. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the gases used by the Nazi's in the gas chambers. |
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Term
| Structural or constitutional isomers |
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Definition
| Molecules which have the same formula, but which have a difference in structure |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules which have the same formula but differ in the direction atoms point |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to prevent miscarriages in the 1940's, caused increased likelihood of cervical cancer in DES daughters, and to slow down prostate cancer in men |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules which work in opposition to male sexual hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| A molecule with only single bonds, no double or triple bonds and no rings |
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Term
| site of unsaturation (or degree of unsaturation) |
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Definition
| Double bond or a ring in a molecule |
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Term
| metered dose inhalers (MDI) |
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Definition
| Delivery method for asthma medications |
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Term
| Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) |
|
Definition
can cause damage to the ozone layer
-phased out of aerosol cans in '78
-phased out of fridges in '95
-phased out of MDI's in '08 |
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|
Term
| hydroflouroalkanes (HFA's) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Bromomethane (common name: methyl bromide) |
|
Definition
| Used as a soil fumigant especially for growing strawberries |
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|
Term
| Trichloromethane (chloroform) |
|
Definition
| early general anesthetic, less flammable and irritating than ether, lethal overdose common and can cause cardiac arrythmia |
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|
Term
| Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) |
|
Definition
| Commonly used as a drycleaning solvent in the first half of the twentieth century, and to synthesis freon gases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Replaced ether as an anesthetic, not as flammable, but occasionally caused hepatitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Currently most common form of inhalation anesthetics |
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Term
| ethyl chloride, Frigiderm, and Gebauer’s Spray |
|
Definition
| topical anesthetics that work by chilling the skin surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| liquids which dissolve large amounts of oxygen while remaining biologically inert |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used as an inhalation anesthetic until the 1970's extremely explosive |
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Term
|
Definition
| common antibiotic which has a 14-membered ring |
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Term
|
Definition
| epidermal fungal infection commonly treated with Nystatin |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules with the same formula that have a non-superimposable mirror image |
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Term
|
Definition
| an atom with four different groups bonded to it |
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Term
|
Definition
| A drug which contains a mixture of both enantiomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter or hormone which binds to several different kinds of adrenergic receptors in the body, used to treat anaphylactic shock |
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Term
|
Definition
| epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| used as an appetite suppresant and stimulant, currently used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mixture of Fenfluramine(appetite suppressant) and phentermine (mild stimulant) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| very common blood anticoagulant, racemic mixture |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule which produces the citrus smell of lemons and oranges |
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Term
|
Definition
| proton pump inhibitor, racemic mixture used to treat heart burn |
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Term
|
Definition
| pure biologically active enantiomer of Prilosec |
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|
Term
| van der Waals attractions |
|
Definition
| weak attractions between molecules, responsible for increasing boiling points as molecules get larger, like in petroleum distillation |
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Term
|
Definition
| method by which different petroleum based molecules are separated from crude oil |
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Term
|
Definition
| commonly used (with the addition of fragrances) as baby oil, applies non-polar barrier to baby's skin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Propanoic (propionic) Acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equally possible structures for a molecule, the true molecule being an intermediate between them |
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Term
|
Definition
| produced in humans during anaerobic exercise, commonly exists in ion form, also found in yogurt |
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Term
| Methanoic acid (formic acid) |
|
Definition
| an acid found in some ants’ stings, and in stinging nettles |
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|
Term
| Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichloroacetic acid(TCA) |
|
Definition
| used to chemically burn warts and for facial peels |
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|
Term
| Propanoic acid (propionic acid) |
|
Definition
| acid produced by several species of acne causing bacteria, also produces bubbles in Swiss cheese |
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Term
|
Definition
| common name methacrylic acid used for making acrylic polymers like artificial nails |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed from the metabolism of glucose and other sugars |
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|
Term
| Butanoic acid (butyric acid) |
|
Definition
| first isolated from rancid butter, found in vomit, Parmesan cheese |
|
|
Term
| Gamma aminobutyric acid or GABA |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter in the brain which can cause lowering of CNS activity |
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|
Term
| gammahydroxybutyric acid, GHB |
|
Definition
| has been used as a date-rape drug, no longer available OTC |
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Term
|
Definition
| mold inhibitor used as a food preservative |
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Term
|
Definition
| used for facial peels, milder than phenol and TCA |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in rhubarb, when combined with Ca ions can cause kidney stones |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in berries, fruits, especially lemons and oranges; essential component in the Kreb's cycle |
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|
Term
| 10-undecenoic acid (undecylenic acid) |
|
Definition
| 11 C carboxylic acid which is used to treat epidermal fungal infections like athlete’s foot |
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Term
|
Definition
| endergonic reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols which form esters |
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Term
|
Definition
| exergonic reaction which breaks up esters via the addition of a water molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| topical ester local anesthetic to reduce the pain of sunburn and to reduce dental pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ester groups within rings |
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|
Term
| Spironolactone(Aldactone) |
|
Definition
| diuretic used for treating congestive heart failure and off-label to reduce excessive hair growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymerization process which produces water and polyester polymers |
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|
Term
| Polyethylene terephthalate(PET or PETE) |
|
Definition
| polyester used in plastic bottles and a variety of clothes, suits, curtains, often labeled Dacron |
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Term
|
Definition
| widely used in water bottles, baby bottles, epoxy resins inside cans, as well as CDs and DVD, endocrine disruptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction and elsewhere |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the acetylcholine ester bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuromuscular blocker used to relax muscles during intubation |
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Term
|
Definition
| major component of peach flavor |
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Term
|
Definition
| major component of apricot flavor |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrolysis and neutralization of triglycerides which produces soap |
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Term
|
Definition
| sphere with lipophilic interior and hydrophilic exterior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of dissolving oil or fat into polar solution using micelles |
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|
Term
| emulsifying agents, wetting agents, or surfactants |
|
Definition
| Molecules that can form micelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| surfactant molecule which has a negative charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| surfactant molecule which has a positive charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| commonly used as a “foaming agent” in toothpaste |
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Term
|
Definition
| emulsifying agent produced by the liver and released by the gall bladder |
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|
Term
lecithin (phosphatidyl choline)
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS or docusate) |
|
Definition
| synthetic detergent molecule used as laxative and oil spill dispersant |
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Term
|
Definition
| PEG ester used as a laxative before colonoscopies |
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Term
|
Definition
| common emulsifying agents used in cake mixes and skin creams. |
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Term
|
Definition
| nitrate ester used as a vasodilator and explosive |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule added by the human body to make certain molecules (like estrogen or bilirubin) more water soluble |
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Term
|
Definition
| estrogens with sulfate covalently attached |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alternating double and single bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| orange compound in carrots |
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Term
|
Definition
| a molecule with an unpaired electron |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein imbedded in cell membranes of the retinal cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| retinal-opsin complex in rod cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells in the eye containing rhosopsin provide black and white night vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| eye cells which contain three forms of the protein photopsin, allow for color vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of retinal-bound opsin, plays a role in circadian rhythms |
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Term
|
Definition
| retinal-opsin complex found in Halobacterium, used to generate ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accutane, oral acne control medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retin-A, topical acne medication |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition where high concentrations of bilirubin build up in the fatty tissues and membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| orange-colored metabolized heme |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme which attaches glucuronic acid to bilirubin |
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Term
|
Definition
| bilirubin molecule to which two molecules of glucuronic acid have been attached |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule responsible for brown color of feces, metabolized conjugated bilirubin |
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Term
|
Definition
| medical device using blue light to treat neonatal jaundice |
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Term
|
Definition
| conversion of unsaturated alkenes into saturated alkenes usually catalyzed by a nickel or platinum catalyst |
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Term
|
Definition
| something seeking electrons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| something attracted to the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| refrigerant, aerosol spray propellant, anesthetic, and blowing agent for foam packaging, can damage ozone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high density polyethylene (HDPE) |
|
Definition
| used for laundry detergent jugs, plastic milk bottles, fuel tanks, Tupperware, few branches |
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|
Term
| low density polyethylene (LDPE) |
|
Definition
| somewhat branched polyethylene, used in polyethylene bags, 6-pack plastic rings, and the inside coating of soda cans |
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|
Term
| PEX (polyethylene crosslinked) |
|
Definition
| third form of polyethylene which has extensive cross-linking |
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Term
|
Definition
| commonly used to make plastic rope, medical instruments, and yogurt containers |
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|
Term
| polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE orTeflon) |
|
Definition
| makes gore-tex for clothing and stents |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to make rubber gloves that substitute for latex gloves |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymer used to make styrofoam |
|
|
Term
| polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) |
|
Definition
| combined with iodine to make Betadine |
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|
Term
| Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran) |
|
Definition
| marketed for wrapping food and keeping it fresh |
|
|
Term
| di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) |
|
Definition
| common plasticizer for PVC, possible endocrine disruptor |
|
|
Term
| Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) |
|
Definition
| known by the trade name products Plexiglass and Lucite, used in first contact lenses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cross-linking process which adds disulfide and trisulfide bonds to produce hard rubber |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule used to make dental sealants and some filling materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| paint stripper until 1978, added to gasoline, can cause anemia and leukemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| replaced benzene as a common solvent in paint stripper, can cause asystole and brain damage |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly used as a food preservative to inhibit mold growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| original surgical antiseptic used by Lister, used for facial peels |
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Term
|
Definition
| antioxidant compounds found in fruits like grapes, blueberries, and pomegranates |
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Term
|
Definition
| herbicide used by the US government to kill marijuana plantations |
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Term
|
Definition
| commonly used wood preservative until 1987, could cause damage to CNS, reproductive system, and liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| common name for the benzene molecule with two alcohol functional groups in the ortho(1,2) configuration |
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Term
|
Definition
| active ingredient in poison ivy and poison oak that causes a rash and blistering |
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Term
|
Definition
| formerly used in some brands of mothballs |
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|
Term
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs) |
|
Definition
| unreactive compounds used until 1977 to absorb heat in electrical transformers, may be endocrine disruptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixture of compounds containing varying amounts of Cl atoms on a basic 3-ring dibenzodioxin molecule, toxic |
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Term
|
Definition
| contaminant in Agent Orange widely sprayed in Viet Nam from 1962 to 1971, can cause chloracne |
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Term
|
Definition
| large 2 dimensional sheet of benzene rings, used in pencils and as machine lubricant |
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Term
|
Definition
| Single layers of graphite |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dihydropyridine commonly prescribed in the US for treating hypertension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| used as a sterilizer for plastic medical equipment such as endoscopes |
|
|
Term
| Benzopyrene (2,4,6,8 “chickenwire”) |
|
Definition
| carcinogen found in smoked and charred materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| family of enzymes found in the liver which add polar groups to increase the solubility of molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| process in which molecules slip in between the purine and pyrimidine bases in the DNA double helix |
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Term
|
Definition
| amines which are found in natural products, many of them are biologically active when ingested or injected |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6-membered ring containing an amine |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule containing the piperidine ring, first used to treat malaria |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of adverse affects caused by quinine |
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|
Term
| free amine or free base form |
|
Definition
| form of a drug which is more soluble in membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of the drug which is more water soluble |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterial wall which can be destroyed by penicillin |
|
|
Term
| penicillinase or beta lactamase |
|
Definition
| enzyme penicillin resistent bacteria have developed |
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Term
|
Definition
| amide bond between two amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| two amino acids help together by a peptide bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| extremely strong amide polymer, used in bulletproof vests |
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Term
|
Definition
| used as a water disinfectant in many public water systems, in high concentrations may cause dermal irritation |
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Term
|
Definition
| naturally occurring alcohol isolated from peppermint and other members of the mint family |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, component of the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol |
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Term
|
Definition
| active ingredient in Lysol and is also used on skin of citrus fruit and nuts to prevent mold growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in throat lozenges such as Sucrets and some mouthwashes; it produces a local anesthetic effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| chlorinated phenolic disinfectant, used for scrubbing hands before surgery to kill gram-negative bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| chlorinated bacteriostatic phenolic compound, used as anti-bacterial agent in soaps and lotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-phenolic bacteriocide used in the treatment of acne |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorinated imine that is a common ingredient in mouthwash designed to reduce dental plaque |
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Term
|
Definition
| phenolic compound from thyme and myrrh, used as a (minor) ingredient in Listerine and some brands of cigarettes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| phenolic compound found in cloves as well as nutmeg and cinnamon |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| phenolic compound in olives that has a very bitter taste |
|
|
Term
| polyphenols or polyphenolics |
|
Definition
| naturally occurring molecules with multiple phenol groups, promoted as antioxidants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contribute to the color of many fruits have been found to be antioxidants in test tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polyphenolic that is found in the skins of red grape, red wine, and other fruits |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| primary ingredient in turmeric spice |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| naturally occurring antioxidant which slows down the oxidation of oils and membranes inside the cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used as an OTC and prescription skin whitener |
|
|
Term
| Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
|
Definition
| antioxidant added to food and food packaging material to slow down the rate at which food goes rancid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol which is metabolized into formaldehyde and formic acid, found in windshield wiper fluid and paint strippers |
|
|
Term
| 2-propanol (rubbing alcohol) |
|
Definition
| alcohol metabolized into acetone, consumption is toxic |
|
|
Term
| 1,2 ethanediol (ethylene glycol) |
|
Definition
| used for radiator anti-freeze, metabolized into oxalic acid, causes kidney damage and death |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used as antifreeze in RV's , metabolized into pyruvic acid, non-toxic |
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