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Definition
| consist of oocyte and epithelial cells surrounding it |
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| explains why the number of oocytes per ovary decreases from 3.5 million during fetal life to only 200,000 at puberty |
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| site of oocyte production, storage, and maturation in the female; composed of cortex and medulla; tunica albuginea (outer connective tissue layer) gives organ its white color |
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| contains ovarian follicles and the fibroblastic connective tissue stroma surrounding them |
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| considered mesothelium, relatively tall cells, will proliferate during follicle maturation |
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| stage of development of oocytes after oogonia when meiosis is arrested, nucleolus is nearly as big as epithelial cells surrounding it |
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| slow, continuous degenerative process which results in the loss of oocytes; cells in this stage can still be seen in same field as developing oocytes |
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| differentiated mesenchymal stroma adjacent to an ovarian follicle |
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| portion of the theca folliculi containing endocrine cells, produce steroid hormones, including androstenedione during the secondary follicle stage |
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| vascular and connective tissue layer of the theca folliculi |
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| immature oocyte, arrested in 1st meiotic prophase, surrounded by flattened and significantly smaller single layer of epithelial cells |
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| term includes unilaminar and multilaminar primary follicles; follicular epithelial cells become cuboidal and proliferate into granulosa cells (which rest on a prominent basement membrane); oocyte increases in size during this stage |
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| forms between oocyte and granulosa cells; collects glycoproteins and polysaccharides from oocyte and granulosa cells; cytoplasmic processes communicate across this zone via gap junctions |
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| secondary/antral follicle |
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Definition
| granulosa cells begin to form follicular fluid, which accumulates in the follicular antrum and contains steroid binding proteins; estrogens and progesterone are concentrated around the oocyte in this fluid; theca interna cells are differentiated and producing androstenedione; oocyte attains full size (150-200 um) |
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| formed in the primary follicle stage, produce follicular fluid in the secondary stage, convert androstenedione to estradiol, produce factor that helps regulate progression through meiosis |
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| fully developed follicle that is actually ovulated, has corona radiata and cumulus oophorus, first polar body is cast off as meiosis 1 is completed, arrests at metaphase 2 |
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| rim of granulosa cells adherent to zona pellucida, accompany the oocyte as it leaves the ovary |
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| stalk of granulosa cells holding the oocyte near the wall of the follicle |
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| produced by granulosa cells; converts plasminogen to plasmin; plasmin activates collagenases and contributes to the weakening of connective tissues surrounding the follicle and its ultimate escape |
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| produced by the granulosa cells, acts to inhibit premature continuation of meiosis |
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| initiation of primordial follicle maturation regulated by this hormone; estrogen has a negative feedback on it |
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| follicular regulatory protein |
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Definition
| released by FSH-stimulated, dominant follicle; inhibits maturation of other follicles by signaling atresia and blocking primary follicle development |
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Definition
| large mature primary oocyte escapes from the ovary; cumulus oophorus breaks down, oocyte within corona radiata free within antrum; FSH and LH surge necessary for this process; granulosa cells weaken and follicle wall ruptures |
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| release from pars distalis stimulated by estrogen released from ovarian follicle |
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| locally ischemic site of ovarian stroma, has pale appearance at ovarian surface |
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| corpus luteum ("yellow body") |
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Definition
| endocrine unit differentiating from granulosa and theca interna cells immediately following ovulation, contains loose connective tissue in its center |
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Definition
| enlargement of granulosa cells in response to LH (form 80% of parenchyma of corpus luteum), acquire steroid secretory morphology and produce progesterone to keep potential gestation going; new capillaries perfuse cells |
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Definition
| continue production of estrogen precursors but are now part of corpus luteum |
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| corpus luteum of menstruation |
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Definition
| degeneration of cell cluster if LH levels fall and fertilization/pregnancy does not happen |
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Definition
| zona pellucida and basement membrane left behind in atretic follicles |
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| corpus luteum of pregnancy |
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Definition
| chorionic gonadotrophin from fetus maintains the tissue, granulosa lutein cells produce progesterone and relaxin (opposes oxytocin, targets fibrocartilage of pubic symphysis to weaken articulation) as well as smooth muscle relaxation factor at parturition |
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Definition
| long-lasting collagenous scar tissue produced by atresia or dissolution of corpus luteum of pregnancy |
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| aka oviducts or Fallopian tubes, muscular tubes about 12 cm long extending from the body of the uterus to the ovary, pick up oocyte and carry it to the uterus, site of fertilization of oocyte |
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| interstitial segment of oviduct |
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| dilated intermediate segment |
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| bears osteum, has finger-like fimbriae to coax oocyte inward |
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| mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis, and serosa |
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| mucosal folds increase epithelial surface area, lined by simple columnar epithelium, ciliated cells and Peg (secretory) cells, estrogen increases cell height, progesterone stimulates ciliary activity |
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| lamina propria of oviduct |
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Definition
| highly vascular layer, smooth muscle is prominent in fimbriae, which become very active at ovulation; also produce factors which activate/capacitate sperm |
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| muscularis layer of oviduct |
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Definition
| two or more interwoven layers of muscle, including inner circular/spiral and outer longitudinal layers; usually thick layer, uses peristaltic contractions to move oocyte into uterus |
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Definition
| thin layer covered by visceral peritoneum with mesothelium |
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Definition
| approximately fist-sized organ made of fundus, body, isthmus, and cervical portions, contains 3 layers of tissue within |
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| rounded superior end between Fallopian tubes |
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| main portion, receives the Fallopian tubes |
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| constricted mid-portion more inferior than the tubes |
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| cylindrical portion, projects into vagina, has unique junction of cell types that goes from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium towards the vagina |
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| outermost layer of the uterine wall, consists of serosa and adventitia, has mesothelium |
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| middle layer of uterine wall, contains smooth muscle arranged in many directions, responsible for expulsion of fetus during birth, undergoes both hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy |
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| innermost layer of uterine wall, consists of uterine mucosa, whose consistency changes throughout the menstrual cycle; lamina propria contains mostly Type 3 collagen fibers; cells are simple columnar and has both ciliated and secretory cells; uterine glands penetrate the full thickness of this layer |
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Term
| basal layer of endometrium |
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Definition
| layer adjacent to myometrium, contains highly cellular lamina propria and deep basal ends of the uterine glands, used to regenerate endometrium following menstruation |
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| functional layer of endometrium |
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Definition
| has more spongy and less cellular lamina propria, is richer in ground substance, contains most of the length of the uterine glands, and has most of the surface epithelium; undergoes profound changes during the menstrual cycle and is shed at menstruation |
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Definition
| located in the middle layer of the myometrium, send 2 sets of arteries to the endometrium |
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Definition
| cross from the arteries in the myometrium into the endometrium |
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| straight (basal) arteries |
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Definition
| supply endometrial basalis |
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Definition
| are progesterone sensitive, extend farther into the endometrium and bring blood throughout the endometrial functionalis |
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Definition
| formed from the spiral arteries giving off numerous arterioles that supply a rich capillary bed |
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Definition
| maintained after menstruation, simple and tubular in structure, commonly branched, produce fluid that is sent to outer endometrium; composed of simple columar epithelium, including ciliated and non-ciliated cells |
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| occurs at the beginning of the cycle (days 1-5), functionalis is shed, menstrual bleeding occurs, glands are retained in stratum basalis |
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| days 6-15 of cycle, driven by estrogen that is produced by ovaries, torn endometrium is resurfaced and thickened by epithelial and stromal proliferation, uterine glands lengthen/coil, cells accumulate glycogen, and coiled arteries grow toward functionalis layer; antral follicle develops in ovary and ovulation occurs |
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Definition
| starts as a result of progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum, endometrium continues to thicken, apocrine secretion of glycogen and glycoprotein-rich products occurs, uterine glands become torturous/swollen/irregular, coiled arteries elongate, and endometrial stroma accumulates fluid; if fertilization has occurred, the ovum will find its way into the uterus |
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Definition
| if pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum fails and hormone levels fall; coiled arteries constrict, allowing the stroma to lose fluid and lymphocytes and macrophages to invade; the opening and closing intermittently of the coiled arteries shuts of nutrient flow and allows functionalis to be removed |
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Definition
| layer not shed at menstruation, part of cervix, simple columnar epithelium on a thick lamina propria |
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Definition
| less smooth muscle than uterine body, abundant in collagenous connective tissue and elastic fibers |
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| denser stroma than uterus proper w/ more fibers, simple columnar epithelium, has branched glands that often dilate and form Nabothian cysts, mucosa has longitudinal folds (plicae) |
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Definition
| estrogen-stimulated, watery, promotes sperm motility, contains lysozyme to kill invading microbes, can extend into vagina as stringy units |
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Term
| late-cycle cervical mucus |
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Definition
| progesterone-stimulated, more viscous secretion |
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| pregnancy-induced cervical mucus |
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Definition
| particularly dense, forms a protective plug whose loss is the first sign of dilation during birth |
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Definition
| region at os (mouth) where cells change from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium, exists at juncture of cervix and vagina (portio vaginalis of cervix); frequent site of dysplasia, neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma; Pap smear samples cells from this region |
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Definition
| consists of mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis layers...function is obvious |
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Definition
| contains stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelial cells that are responsive to estrogen, accumulate glycogen and stain poorly |
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| interlacing bundles of smooth muscle whose function once again is obvious |
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Definition
| compound tubuloalveolar in structure, has 15-25 individual glands called lobules, exists as a duct system |
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| duct system of mammary gland |
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Definition
| made of stratified cuboidal epithelium, lactiferous ducts lead to lactiferous sinuses (have dilated reservoirs); substantial smooth muscle sphincter exists between duct and sinus |
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Definition
| 80% of breast cancers arise from these cells |
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Term
| secretory elements of mammary glands |
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Definition
| alveoli that form as outgrowths from lactiferous ducts, consist of cuboidal alveolar epithelium with subjacent myoepithelial cells; do not exist in inactive breast; plasma cells around alveoli provide secretory IgA to milk |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen stimulates lactiferous duct formation (in the presence of prolactin), alveolar buds form and regress with each ovarian cycle |
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Term
| mammary gland in pregnancy |
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Definition
| estrogen plus prolactin, placental lactogen, and progesterone stimulate further development of alveolar ducts and alveoli; lactogenesis and galactopoiesis occur and breast milk is formed |
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Definition
| establishment of milk secretion, regulated by estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin |
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Definition
| maintenance of milk production, regulated by prolactin and oxytocin |
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Definition
| "first milk," lactoprotein and immunoglobulin-rich secretion but is relatively nutrient poor and has a low lipid content |
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| merocrine constituents of breast milk |
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Definition
| casein, alpha-lactalbumin, PTH-RP in secretory granules; also lactose |
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| apocrine constituents of breast milk |
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Definition
| triglycerides, cholesterol |
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| transcytotic constituents of breast milk |
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Definition
| dimeric IgA from adjacent plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| suckling stimulates its release, it in turn stimulates myoepithelial cells surrounding alveolar ducts and alveoli |
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Definition
| stimulated by suckling, trigger suppression of prolactin-inhibitory hormone from hypothalamus, thus increased prolactin stimulates lactation (weaning reverses this process) |
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Term
| multiple neuroendocrine factors |
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Definition
| trigger relaxation of smooth muscle sphincter between lactiferous ducts and sinuses, eliminates need for suckling |
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