Term
egg viable and capable of fertilization around 24 hrs after ovulation
sperm viable around 72 hours
intercourse must occur 1-2 days before until 1 day after ovulation for fertilization |
|
Definition
| how long after ovulation is an ovum capable of fertilization? how long are sperm viable in the reproductive tract? so when must intercourse occur for fertilization? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using the rhythm birth control method, when should you avoid sex? |
|
|
Term
| ampulla of fallopian tube |
|
Definition
| where does fertilization occur? |
|
|
Term
| when the sperm head contacts the zona pellucida of the ovum |
|
Definition
| when is the acrosome reaction initiated? |
|
|
Term
-proteolytic enzymes
-hyaluronidase to digest the proteoglycan containing ECM |
|
Definition
| name the enzymes that are released from the acrosome of the sperm to help degrade the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry into the ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what causes release of stored calcium into the cytoplasm, initiating the cortical reaction in the oocyte? |
|
|
Term
| causes hardening of the ZP |
|
Definition
| during the cortical reaction, what does the exocytosis of granules with enzymes do? |
|
|
Term
| the sperm receptors (zona proteins (ZP3/ZP2) no longer have sperm binding capacity, they are knocked out |
|
Definition
| during the cortical reaction, what is the slow component? |
|
|
Term
| induces completion of the oocyte's 2nd meitotic division and formation of the second polar body |
|
Definition
| what does the rise in intracellular Ca+ do to the oocyte? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens to the isthmus for 3 days following ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| allows it to divide and become a blastocyst (~100 cells) |
|
Definition
| what does the egg do for 4 days before it enters the uterus? |
|
|
Term
| high progesterone from the CL |
|
Definition
| what relaxes the contracted fallopian tubes after ovulation and movement of the egg to the uterus? |
|
|
Term
| 1-3 days (aka 5-7 days after ovulation) |
|
Definition
| how long does the egg chill in the uterus before implantation? |
|
|
Term
| peg cells feed it in the tube, uterine milk feeds it in the uterus |
|
Definition
| what feeds the blastocyst while its waiting to implant in the uterus |
|
|
Term
| trophoblast cells steal nutrients and give it to the blastocyst |
|
Definition
| what chews through the endometrium (digests/liquifies/steals nutrients from)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name this process: endometrial stromal cells transform into decidual cells that become laden with lipds, glycogen, and make prolactin and IGFBP-1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates embryo invasion of the endometrium and provides nutrition to the embryo |
|
|
Term
1) peg cell secretions
2) uterine milk
3) trophoblastic nutrition (weeks ~2-12 after implantation)
4) placental diffusion (weeks 10 onward) |
|
Definition
| describe the nutrition of the fetus across pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| progesterone secretion by the CL |
|
Definition
| what induces decidualization? |
|
|
Term
| trophoblast cells invading the decidua |
|
Definition
| sole nutritive source of the embryo during 1st week following implantation |
|
|
Term
| placenta & fetal membranes |
|
Definition
| following implantation, decidual cells proliferate, forming _____ which begin to nourish the embryo about a week after implantation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygentated blood from the ____ flows into the maternal sinuses of the placenta bathing the embryonic villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what vessel returns deoxy blood from the placenta to the mother? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the umbilicus, connecting the fetus to the placenta, derived from? |
|
|
Term
1 vein oxy
2 arteries deoxy |
|
Definition
| fetal blood flow carries oxy blood to the fetus via single unbilical ___ and unoxy blood to placenta via 2 umbillical ___ into the capillaries of the placental villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how do most nutrients diffuse through the placental villi? |
|
|
Term
| they diffuse directly through due to high solubility |
|
Definition
| how do FA's go through the fetal membranes? |
|
|
Term
| they diffuse down their concentration gradient from fetal to maternal circulation, like CO2 |
|
Definition
| how are non-protein nitrogens (urea, uric acid & creatinine) excreted from the fetus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
responsible for:
implantation
maintenence of pregnancy
uterine quiescence until parturition (no contractions)
mammary growth and differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
responsible for:
increase in uterine blood flow
increase in LDL receptors on syncitiotrophoblast
increased levels of oxytocin receptors in the uterus for parturition
mammary growth |
|
|
Term
| corpus luteum, then/also the placenta makes estrogen, progesterone, HCG and HCS |
|
Definition
| what produces estrogen and progesterone for the first 2-4 months of pregnancy? what else helps? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen, progesterone, and HCG (possibly HCS too) |
|
Definition
| what hormones are necessary for normal pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen, progesterone, HCG, HCS |
|
Definition
| name the 4 hormones secreted by the placenta |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic somatomammotrophin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what maintains the CL, and thus prevents its involution and allows for continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents menstruation and spontaneous abortion, encourages development of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| starts being secreted shortly after implantation, reaches max at 9-10 wks after implantation |
|
Definition
| when does max HCG secretion occur? |
|
|
Term
| stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone and induces male sex organs to develop instead of female ones |
|
Definition
| what does HCG do in the testes of the male fetus? |
|
|
Term
| the alpha subunit (remember that beta varies) |
|
Definition
| what subunit of HCG is the same as the pituitary gonadotropins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when is HCS secreted and by what? |
|
|
Term
1) uncertain function
2) induces lactation in most mammals
3) weak systemic action leads to deposition of protein, similar to GH
4) decreased insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization by the mother
5) increases FA's for utilization by the fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what form is most of the estrogen secreted from the placenta as? |
|
|
Term
| estriol(estrogen) from the placenta |
|
Definition
| results in enlargement of uterus, external genitalia, breasts, and proliferation of the duct system in breats, also increases oxytocin receptors in the uterine myometrium and relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases fallopian tube secretions before implantation, results in development of decidual cells in the placenta, decreases uterine contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol to the placenta comes from where? |
|
|
Term
| fetus and maternal components |
|
Definition
| Pregnenolone sulfate and DHES (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), to the placenta comes from where? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does hydroxydehydroepiandosterone sulfate to the placenta come from? |
|
|
Term
| progesterone, estrone-estradiol, estriol |
|
Definition
| what 3 things, synthesized by the placenta go to the maternal and fetal circulation? |
|
|
Term
1) high levels of sex steroids supress the H-P-G axis, preventing ovulation
2) estrogens stimulate prolactin release beginning with the first trimester
3) somatotroph production of GH is reduced
4) ACTH levels are variable throughout pregnancy, but increase near parturition |
|
Definition
| what are the maternal endocrine changes in pregnancy to the hypothalmus? |
|
|
Term
1) thyroid gland enlarges, but TSH levels are normal
2) T3 & T4 increase, but TBG also increases in response to estrogen
3) thus pregnant woman stays euthyroid |
|
Definition
| what are the maternal endocrine changes in pregnancy to the thyroid? |
|
|
Term
| PTH increases in 3rd trimester, thus enhancing calcium mobilization to provide calcium for fetal bone development |
|
Definition
| what are the maternal endocrine changes in pregnancy to the parathyroid? |
|
|
Term
1) mineral & gluco -corticoid hormone secretion increases
2) plasma cortisol is higher because progesterone displaces it from transcortin (its binding globulin)
3) hypercotisolism not apparent during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| what are the maternal endocrine changes in pregnancy to the adrenals? |
|
|
Term
uterus: 50g -> 1kg
breasts: double in size |
|
Definition
| how much bigger does the uterus get in pregnancy? the breasts? |
|
|
Term
| ~24 lbs, in last 2 trimesters |
|
Definition
| about how much weight gain is there (in the mother) in pregnancy and when does this occur? |
|
|
Term
1) BMR increases 15% in latter half of pregnancy due to thyroxine and adrenal hormones
2) maternal deficiencies in Ca, Fe, PO4, and vitamins is common
3) O2 use increases 20%
4) progesterone increases the minute ventilation by 50% decreasing her PCO2
5) pressure of the fetus against the diaphragm -> decreased exhalation -> increased RR |
|
Definition
| how does metabolism change during pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
1) cardiac output increases 30-40% by 2nd trimester (falls in final weeks of pregnancy)
2) maternal blood volume increases 30% by end of pregnancy due to aldosterone/estrogen effects |
|
Definition
| how does maternal circulation change with pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much blood flows through the placenta per min? |
|
|
Term
1) GFR increases up to 50%, increasing H2O and electrolyte loss and increased urine formation in pregnancy
2) aldosterone increases fluid retention, and Na/Cl/Ca resorption up to 50% |
|
Definition
| what changes in the urinary system during pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
first half of pregnancy, caused by increased fat deposition from high progesterone which diverts glucose into fat synthesis (used later for the fetal metabolism)
also maternal glucose use declines and gluconeogenesis increases maxing the glucose available to the fetus (can cause beta cell exhaustion in pregnancy) |
|
Definition
| when is the major NET weight gain in pregnancy and what causes it? |
|
|
Term
| relaxation and dilation of the cervix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cervical effacement, grows 10 cm in diameter |
|
Definition
| thinning and flattening of the cervix is called ____ and occurs in the first stage of labor |
|
|
Term
| 8-24 hrs, but only a few min after multiple pregnancies |
|
Definition
| how long does the first stage of labor last? |
|
|
Term
| rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid |
|
Definition
| after dilation of the cervix, what follows in the first stage of labor? |
|
|
Term
| 30 min in first pregnancy, but about a minute after several |
|
Definition
| how long does the second stage of labor last? |
|
|
Term
1) increased uterine excitability near term
2) stretching of uterine myometrium increases contractility and force of contractions
3) stretching or irritation of the cervix also elicits uterine contractions |
|
Definition
| what are the mechanical factors that cause parturition? |
|
|
Term
1) estrogen: progesterone ration increases
2) in last 2 months of pregnancy, estrogen secretion increases and progesterone plateaus or decreases |
|
Definition
| what are the hormonal factors that cause parturition? |
|
|
Term
petuitary: makes oxytocin
membranes(and uterus): make prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| what does the fetal petuitary secrete? what do the fetal membranes secrete? (to assist with labor) |
|
|
Term
| PGF2 alpha, and PGE2: stimulate uterine smooth muscle contraction to induce cervical dilation |
|
Definition
| what are the prostaglandins, and what do they do to help with labor? |
|
|
Term
| increases gap junctions between smooth muscle cells |
|
Definition
| what do PGF2 alpha and estradiol do to potentiate the effects of oxytocin? |
|
|
Term
| uterine smooth muscle, PGF2 alpha |
|
Definition
| increases in oxytocin near time of labor activate calmodulin in the ____ and stimulate ___ production |
|
|
Term
| irritation or stretching of the uterus |
|
Definition
| what causes a neurogenic reflex (ferguson reflex) to secrete oxytocin? |
|
|
Term
1) oxytocin (pitocin)
2) prostaglandins (PGF2 alpha and PGE2)
3) progesterone receptor blocker (mifepristone RU486 = plan B) |
|
Definition
| what is given to induce labor? |
|
|
Term
cervix: softens, dilates, thins
neutrophils: release collagen, degrade protesases |
|
Definition
| during parturition, what happens to the cervix? neutrophils? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what induces cervical ripening? |
|
|
Term
| if they are born before 37 weeks |
|
Definition
| when is a baby considered premature? |
|
|
Term
| 13million pre-mature, 1 million die |
|
Definition
| how many babies are born pemature each year? how many die? |
|
|
Term
1) lack of prenatal care
2) diabetes
3) hypertension
4) infections
5) smoking
6) alcohol
7) pregnancy before age 16 or after age 35
8) pregnancies spaced too closely (less than 2 yrs apart)
9) carrying twins
10) early elective inductions and C-sections |
|
Definition
| what causes pre-mature births? |
|
|
Term
active: CRH, PRF, ACTH, PRL, OT, Cortisol
inhibited: GnRH, DA, FSH, LH |
|
Definition
| what hormones are inhibited, and what hormones are active in lactation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what causes the myogenic cells of the breast to contract? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormone causes milk production? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormone is released by the suckling reflex? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what did ancient people do to cows to get milk? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what causes natural birth control after pregnancy by preventing release of gonadotropic hormones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein, then transitions to high fat in mature milk |
|
Definition
| is colostrum high in fat or protein? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what neurons are inhibited by the suckling reflex(or emotional/psychogenic/sex) that normally blocks prolactin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the name of the condition where there is persistent milk production in a non-pregnant person due to an anterior petuitary tumor? |
|
|
