Term
| In pregnancy, hCG binds to ______ receptors on the ______ cells of the follicle. |
|
Definition
-LH (remember the beta subuint of hCG is structurally very similar to LH)
-granulosa |
|
|
Term
| hCG is secreted by the ________ |
|
Definition
| syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| hCG can be measured as early as _____ and peaks ________ |
|
Definition
- 6-8 days after fertilization
- 60-90 days of gestation. (then it declines to low plateau) |
|
|
Term
| The main purpose of hCG during pregnancy is to ________ |
|
Definition
| prevent degeneration of the corpus luteum that would normally occur 13-14 days after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| When hCG interacts with the corpus luteum it stimulates ________ production until the _______ takes over at around the _____ |
|
Definition
-progesterone
-placenta
-8th week of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| "The blastocyst enters the uterus after the smooth muscles in the fallopian tubes relax under the effect of ________ from the __________." |
|
Definition
-progesterone
-corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone is elevated for how long during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pregnancy progesterone is produced by |
|
Definition
| the corpus luteum for the first 8 weeks, then by the placenta. |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone levels in pregnancy are directly proportional to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The progesterone:estrogen ratio during pregnancy is |
|
Definition
| progesterone > estrogen. (>>1) |
|
|
Term
| "Although placental progesterone synthesis requires _______ from maternal circulation, it is ________ of outside regulatory factors (maternal hormones.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progesterone does or does not provide an indication of fetal health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maintenance of pregnancy is dependent on adequate levels of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy progesterone transforms the endometrium so that it becomes _____ and ________ mymometrial contractility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, progesterone decreses: (4 things) |
|
Definition
1) Contractility of the myometrium
2) Immune response
3) Prostaglandin production in uterine smooth muscle
4) Deamination of amino acids by the liver (so baby can use them) |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy plasma levels of estrogen are _________ (increased or decreased) |
|
Definition
| Increased - primarily E2 and e3 |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the preferred estrogen of pregnancy because it maintains ______ but is less of a stimulant of ________ |
|
Definition
- E3 / Estriol
- uteroplacental blood flow
- myometrial contractility |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy progesterone increases (4 things) |
|
Definition
1) Thick cervical mucous
2) Breast development for lactation
3) Ventillation (excretion of CO2)
4) Appetite. |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy estrogen is produced by the ______ and ________ |
|
Definition
-corpus luteum (8wks)
-placenta |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy ______ cannot be completely manufactured in the placenta due to a missing enzyme. Therefore, the _______ made in the placenta must diffuse into the ________ for conversion to ________. |
|
Definition
-estrogen
-pregnenolone
-fetus
-estriol |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy estrogen increases (4 things) |
|
Definition
1) Growth of myometrium
2) Development of breast ductile system
3) Protein synthesis in liver (binding proteins, clotting factors, TeBG, antiotensin)
4) Prolactin secretion |
|
|
Term
| _______ (hormone) is responsible for the regulation of events resulting in labor & delivery (parturition) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin is secreted by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ inhibits release of prolactin, while ______ & ______favors release. |
|
Definition
-Dopamine
- Prolactin releasing hormone & estrogen |
|
|
Term
| The abbreviation for prolactin is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin secretion is directly related to the ______ concentration because this hormone causes hyperplasia of the prolactin secreting cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin stimulates (2 things) |
|
Definition
1) Structural development of breasts
2) Synthesis of enzymes for milk production |
|
|
Term
| High concentrations of prolactin will inhibit |
|
Definition
| GnRH release from the hypothalamus (ex. lactational or post-partum amenorrhea) |
|
|
Term
| hPL is similar to _________ |
|
Definition
| Prolactin (but has less growth promoting effect) |
|
|
Term
| hPL is directly proportional to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a good indicator of fetal health |
|
Definition
| Estriol level in maternal urine |
|
|
Term
| hPL stimulates (2 things) |
|
Definition
Enzymes that produce milk
Structural development of the breasts
(similar to prolactin) |
|
|
Term
| The effect that hPL has that differs from prolactin is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-insulin effects during pregnancy are (3) |
|
Definition
Stimulation of lypolysis (fatty acids for mom)
Inhibition of insulin stimulated glucose uptake (glucose for baby)
Stimulation of proteolysis (AA for baby) |
|
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