Term
| antibacterial or antimicrobial fibers |
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Definition
| inhibits the growth of microbes or destroys microbes, odor and fiber damage on textiles; incorporated in spinning solution prior to extrusion or incorporated during spinning; modified acrylic, acetate, polyester, nylon, and olefin are permanent and will not wash out |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber that has been modified to reduce static buildup; if a fiber as an excess of electrons, it is negatively charged and it is attracted to something that is positively charged; because many synthetic fibers have low water absorbency, static charges build up rapidly but dissipate slowly during dry weather; this gives durable protection becasue the fiber is made wettable by incorporating an antistatic compound-a chemical conductor-as an integral part of the fiber; added to the fiber-polymer raw material so that it is evenly distributed throughout the fiber |
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Term
| bicomponent-bigeneric fiber |
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Definition
| refer to bicomponent fibers whose two polymers are from two different generic classes |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers made of two polymers that are chemically different, physically different, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| a semidull, crimped fiber (polyester) with a very low melting point so that it bonds with other fibers when exposed to heat above its melting point; develops a thermoplastic bond with other fibers under heat and pressure and is used in fiberwebs |
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Term
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Definition
| a basic fiber in its original luster, without delusterant; reflects light from its smooth, round surface |
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Term
| cross-dyeable or dye-affinity fibers |
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Definition
| fibers made by incorporating dye-accepting chemicals into the molecular strucutre; far easier to dye than their parent fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fiber additive; titanium dioxide-a white pigmnet-is added to the spinning solution before the fiber is extruded |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used to produce nanofibers in which the fiber is forced through a tiny spinneret opening into an electric field |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of forcing or pumping the dope or spinning solution through the openings in a spinneret to form a fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds added to manufactured fiber dope to improve appearance or performance |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the parent manufactured fiber to improve performance relative to a specific end use |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of producing a manufactured fiber from a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers that are extremely long (length measured in miles or kilometers) or yarns made of these fibers; spun from spinnerets with 350 holes or less |
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Term
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Definition
| an untwisted rope of thousands of filament fibers; is made by combining the fibers from many spinnerets, each of which may have thousands of holes; is crimped and converted into staple by cutting or breaking to the desired length |
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Term
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Definition
| a yarn made from filament fibers; smooth or bulky types are possible; when fibers are grouped together and slightly twisted |
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Term
| flame-resistant fibers or finish |
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Definition
| any finish or fiber modification that is designed to reduce the flammability of a textile; produced by changing the polymer structure or by adding flame-retardant compounds to the spinning solution; aramid, novoloid, modacrylic, glass, PBI, saran, sulfar, vinyon are inherently this |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to fibers with similar chemical composition and are approved by the Federal Trade Commission; ex: polyester, lyocell, nylon |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers that have been modified in the spinning process to increase fiber strength |
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Term
| hollow or multicellular fibers |
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Definition
| fibers that contain air space in their interiors; imitate the air cells of animal hair, which provide insulation in cold weather, and the hollow feathers of ducks, which produce buoyancy in water; made by adding gas-forming compounds to the spinning solution, by injecting air as the fiber is forming, or by modifying the shape of the spinneret holes |
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Term
| low-elongation modifications |
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Definition
| used in blends with weaker fibers to increase fabric strength and abrasion resistance; as in cotton/polyester blends; results from changing the balance of tenacity and extension; high tenacity fibers have this |
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Term
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Definition
| have been engineered to have a lower flex life by reducing the molecular weight of the polymer chains (decreasing the number of mers in a chain); when flex abrasion is reduced, the fiber pills break off almost as soon as they are formed and the fabric retains its smooth appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers with a denier great than 1.0 |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers made from chemical compounds produced in manufacturing facilities; the material's original form is not recognizable as a fiber |
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Term
mass pigmentation or solution dyeing
(dope-dyed, spun-dyed, producer-colored) |
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Definition
describes the addition of colored pigments to polymer solutions prior to fiber extrusion/to the spinning solution
*gel dyeing-if the color is added before the fiber hardens |
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Term
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Definition
| for some synthetic polymers, such as nylon and polyester, the polymer is formed, cooled, and broken into small pieces or chips; the chips are heated until they from this which is used to form the fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers with deniers of less than 1.0; most range from 0.5 to 0.8 denier per filament (dpf) |
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Term
| mixed-denier filament bundling |
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Definition
| combines fibers of several denier sizes, such as microfibers (0.5 dpf) with macro or regular denier (2.0 dpf) fibers, in one yarn; microfibers contribute to buttery hand, macrofibers or regular denier fibers contribute to drape, bounce, durability (also shrink slightly) |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber with a cross section measuring less than 1,000 nm (nanometers); human hair is 80,000 nm |
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Term
parent fiber
(regular, basic, conventional, first-generation fiber) |
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Definition
| the simplest form of a manufactured fiber that has not been modified in any way; often sold as commodity fiber by generic name only, without benefit of a trade name |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of smart textile; fibers with the capacity to change shape in a predefined way-react to stimuli in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an ultrafine fiber, often polyester, with modified cross sections and occasional fiber irregularities; is produced in Japan; means new synthetic fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| the thimblelike nozzle made of platinum or stainless steel through which the solution is extruded to form a fiber; very costly |
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Term
| spinning solution or dope |
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Definition
| refers to the thick chemical solution made out of the raw materials dissolved in liquid chemicals |
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Term
| sunlight resistance or light resistance |
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Definition
| a finish or fiber modification to minimize the degradative effects of sunlight on fiber or dye; stablizers such as nitrogenous compounds may be added to the dope to create this; window treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| vary in diameter throughout their length so that in some areas they are thinner and in other areas they are thicker; create fabrics with a texture like duppioni silk or linen; thick nubby areas dye a deeper color to create an interesting tone-on-tone color effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to identify a company's products; companies' names for fiber and may be used in promotion and marketing; ex: Dacron (polyester), Tencel (lyocell), Supplex (nylon) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a three-sided fiber cross-sectional shape that is designed to imitate silk |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a fiber of less than 0.3 denier per filament |
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Term
| whiteners, brighteners or fluorescent whitening agent |
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Definition
| a compound used to mask the natural color of fibers, yellowing from aging, or other colors resulting from soil; additive is optical bleach or fluorescent dye that reflects more blue light from the fabric and masks yellowing; permanent in washing or dry cleaning; eliminate need for bleaching |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is cellulose acetate; |
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Term
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Definition
| a solubility test used to identify acetate |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber made from regenerated protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber made from regenerated bamboo pulp |
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Term
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Definition
| a color-retention problem; colors alter when exposed to gases, fumes, or other atmospheric pollutants/fumes; solution dyeing corrected problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to soften, melt, or shrink when subjected to heat |
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Term
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Definition
| a modification of rayon with better performance characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber composed of solvent-spun cellulose |
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Term
| manufactured regenerated fiber |
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Definition
| fibers produced in fiber form from naturally occurring polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15 percent of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups; from wood or bamboo pulp |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber regenerated from seaweed |
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Term
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Definition
| the lengthwise lines present on several manufactured fibers, such as rayon |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a fiber's sensitivity to heat; fibers that melt or glaze at relatively low temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is cellulose acetate in which not less than 92 percent of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of rayon |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber-forming process in which the polymer is dissolved in a solvent and the solution is extruded into a chemical bath |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight acrylonitrile units |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the ability of a fabric or pile to return to its original thickness after compression |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a polymer composed of more than one type of mer |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a fiber-finishing step in which a manufactured fiber is elongated after spinning to alter the molecular arrangement within the fiber, increasing crystallinity and orientation and resulting in a change in specific performance properties |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber-forming process in which a solution of polymer dissolved in a solvent is extruded; the fiber coagulates as the solvent evaporates |
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Term
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Definition
| a generic subclass of a stretch polyester |
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Term
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Definition
| a spinning method in which the dissolved polyethylene polymer forms a viscous gel in the solvent, followed by extrusion through the spinneret, solvent extraction, and fiber drawing |
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Term
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Definition
| a flattening of the cross section of heat sensitive fibers or yarns resulting from exposure to high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| describes the process of producing fiber, yarn, or fabric stability through the use of heat |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers that have been modified in the spinning process to increase fiber strength |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a polymer composed of a single type of mer |
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Term
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Definition
| a generic subclass of an elastic olefin |
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Term
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Definition
| have been engineered to have a lower flex life, thus decreasing pill formation |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of producing fibers by melting polymer chips and extruding the melt (the molten polymer) in fiber form; coagulation occurs by cooling |
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Term
| moisture vapor transport rate (MVTR) |
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Definition
| measures how quickly moisture vapor moves from the side of the fabric next to the body to the fabric's exterior side |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85 percent of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substace is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units except amorphous (noncrystalline) polyolefins qualifying as rubber |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to fibers that have a high affinity or attraction to oil |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of tiny balls of fiber ends and lint on the surface of the fabric |
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Term
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Definition
| a generic term for polymers containing an amide group and is a term used for nylon in some countries |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, including but not restricted to substituted terephthalate units or substituted hydroxybenzoate units |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of olefin made from polymerizing ethylene |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of olefin made from polymerizing propylene |
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Term
| manufactured synthetic fibers, chemical fibers, noncellulosic manufactured fibers |
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Definition
| fibers produced from synthetic polymers made form basic raw materials |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber-forming process in which the polymer is dissolved in a solvent and the solution is extruded into a chemical bath |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85 percent of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber made of at least 96 percent pure carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber composed of metal oxide, metal carbide, metal nitride, or other mixtures |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability of a fiber or fabric to elongate slightly as the body moves and to recover a significant portion of that elongation when the stretching force is removed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is composed of at least 50 percent by weight of aliphatic polyether and at least 35 percent by weight of polyester |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural or synthetic polymer that, at room temperature, can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and that, after removal of the tensile load, will immediately and forcibly return to approximately its original length |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber-extrusion method in which polymerization and extrusion occur simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber containing at least 95 percent of a long-chain polymer synthesized from aliphatic fluorocarbon polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is glass |
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Term
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Definition
| a poromeric multiplex fabric combining fluoropolymer film with fabric to produce a water-impermeable but comfortable fabric; produced by W.L. Gore & Associates |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when some elastomeric fibers break and the broken ends or loops of broken fibers appear on the fabric's surface; in pile and tufted fabrics, it describes where the base structure shows through the pile surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a generic subclass of an elastic olefin |
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Term
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Definition
| a synthetic rubber in which the fiber-forming substance is a copolymer of acrylonitrile and a diene composed of not more than 50 percent but at least 10 percent by weight of acrylonitrile units |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a synthetic polymer composed of at least 50 percent by weight of a cross-linked melamine polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-coated metal, metal-coated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of less than 85 percent but at least 35 percent by weight acrylonitrile units except when the polymer qualifies as rubber |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a composite fabric combining a film of polychloroprene with a woven, knitted, or fiberweb fabric |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance contains at least 35 percent by weight of cross-linked novolac |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain aromatic polymer having recurring imidazole groups as an integral part of the polymer chain |
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Term
| polyhenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO) |
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Definition
| a special-use fiber made of polyphenylene benzobisoxazole |
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Term
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Definition
| a special-use fiber made from polyetherimide |
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Term
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Definition
| a renewable fiber made from fermented cornstarch and melt-spun |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability of a fiber or fabric to exhibit high retractive forces that mold, support, or shape the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is comprised of natural or synthetic rubber |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 80 percent by weight of vinylidene chloride units |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polymer consisting of at least 85 percent of a segmented polyurethane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polysulfide in which at least 85 percent of the sulfide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 50 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol unites and any one or more of the various acetal units is at least 85 percent by weight of the fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight of vinyl chloride units |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural prodcut such as cellulose or protein, or is a synthetic polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| less than 1 dpf (denier per filament) |
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Term
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Definition
| weight in grams for 9000 meters of fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| yarn size by the number of filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| widely used in nylon and polyester; produces fabric with silklike hand, subtle opacity, soil-hiding capacity, built-in bulk wihtout weight, heightened wicking action , silklike sheen and color, crush resistance in heavy deniers, and good textured crimp |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled stretching of fibers immediately after extrusion produces these; is increased by drawing or stretching the fiber to align or orient the molecules and strengthen the intermolecular forces and/or by chemical modification of the fiber polymer to increase the degree of polymerization |
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Term
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Definition
| rayon made using the cuprammonium process under the trade name Bemberg; has a more silklike hand and luster; may be found in smaller deniers |
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Term
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Definition
| regular rayon produced in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| dyes developed especially for acetate and triacetate |
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