Term
| Common Sites of Spinal Cord Lesions |
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Definition
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Term
| Common Causes of Spinal Cord Lesions in Cattle |
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Definition
Lymphosarcoma
Spinal cord abscesses from Corynebacter
Trauma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin A Deficiency Mechanism |
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Definition
interefers with absorption of CSF at arachnoid villi
CSF pressure elevates
results in blindess then seizures
papilliedmia at optic chiasm |
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Term
| Vitamin A Deficiency Signs and Tx |
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Definition
calves are born alive and appear blind
tx with injectable Vitamin A and cure within 24 hours |
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Term
| Cerebellar Abiotrophy Mechanism |
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Definition
autosomal recessive trait of Herefords and Shorthorns
caused by BVD between 100-200 days gestation
folial degeneration
cavitation of cerebellum |
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Term
| Cerebellar Abiotrophy Signs |
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Definition
recumbent
blind
BVD positive on virus neutralization
Retinal atrophy, optic neuritis, cataracts and micro-ophthalmia with retinal dysplasia |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in caudal thoracic and lumbar spine
marked incoordination without paresis
pelvic limbs hop and move together |
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Term
| Malformed Vertebral Canal |
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Definition
myelin disorder of Charolais
neuraxial edema of Herefords (polled)
hypomyelinogenesis of Jerseys (spastic dymetric gait if can walk) |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium tetani
Gram +
anaerobic
spore-forming rod |
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Term
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Definition
neurotoxin (TeNT) causes tetanospasmin
tetanolysin has tissue necrotizing effect
this decreases tissue oxygenation and facilitate bacterial proliferation
TeNT binds to nerve cell and taken up by endocytosis
moves retrograde up axon
TeNT internalized into interneurons that regulate motorneuron activity
inhibits action of inhibitory neurons
prevents release of GABA and glycine
TeNT bind irreversibly
can only recover with growth of new nerve terminals (days to weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
horses shed in feces
cattle tend to be resistant
sheep tend to be susceptible
acquire through wound infection by castration, tail docking, punctures, retained placenta |
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Term
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Definition
stiff gait, mild bloat
difficulty rising
pump-handle tail
loss of rumination
erect ears pulled back-Sardonic grin
prolapsed third eyelid from spasm of retractor oculi
lock jaw from spasm of masseter muscles
loss of swallowing
all of these signs are produced from excitement |
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Term
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Definition
spastic paralysis
respiratory paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
wound debridement
Procaine Penicillin G BId 2-3 days
tetanus antitoxin for 3-5 days
tranquilize with acepromazine
relax muscles with diazepam
supportive care in quiet, dark, well padded stall |
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Term
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Definition
tetanus yearly
booster pregnant does/ewes in late gestation to protect kids/lambs
tetanus antitoxin/toxoid when docking/castrating |
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Term
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Definition
vaccinate at 6 and 10 weeks
duration of protection unknown
inexpensive and works |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
exotoxin blocks Ach release and causes flaccid paralysis
usually affects multiple animals |
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Term
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Definition
no vaccine
avoid feeding spoiled feed
check feed for carcasses before mixing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tick Paralysis Pathogenesis |
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Definition
| tick saliva contains neurotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
ascending LMN disease
quickly progressing ascending paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rabies Pathology Findings |
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Definition
| eosinophlic, intracytoplasmic inclusions in large neurons - Negri bodies |
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Term
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Definition
tranmission via bite wound through saliva
replication in peripheral tissues
centripetal movement up axons
infection and replication in CNS
descends down cranial nerves to salivary duct and transmitted through saliva |
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Term
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Definition
Infection of Limbic System - furious form
Infection of Neocortex - paralytic/dumb form |
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Term
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Definition
vaccination of all livestock not recommended
only valuable animals |
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Term
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Definition
Listeria monocytogenes
small Gram +
nonspore-forming diptheritis rod |
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Term
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Definition
feces of many mammals, birds, firsh
survive in environment for months to years
venereal possible |
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Term
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Definition
acidic silage inhibits growth
fecal contamination
chronic intramammary infection
poultry litter used as bedding |
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Term
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Definition
1 month or older
multiple unilateral cranial nerve deficits
circling, head tilt, facial paralysis
early in infection has fever
silage eye-uveitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis
anorexia, dysphagia
recumbent, opisthotonos, paddling |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria on silage and enters through mouth wound
rootlet trigeminal nerve to intra-axonal migration to the brain stem
cell to cell movement evades phagocytosis
bacteria bind to cell via surface proteins
enter cytoplasm via hemolysin
multiplies, press on internal surface cell membrane, form listeriopods that invaginate into adjacent cell |
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Term
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Definition
minimal or absent
turbid CSF
softened medulla oblongata
autolyzed fetus |
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Term
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Definition
Penecillin BID for 7 days then halve the dose for BID 14 days
or Oxytetracycline BID
mortality 100% if become recumebnt |
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Term
| Thromboembolic Meningoencephalopathy Organism |
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Definition
Histophilus somni
Gram -
nonspore forming coccobacillus
obligate microbe of mucosal surface |
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Term
| Thromboembolic Meningoencephalopathy Signs |
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Definition
| pneumonia, arthritis, UTI, abortion, mycarditis, neurologic disease |
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Term
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Definition
dissemination as result of pathogen or compromised immune system
migrates through unprotected epithelial cells
meets brain epithelial cells, causes cytoskeletal rearrangement
results in drastic influx of albumin and reduced transendothelial electrical resistance
increases paracellular permeablility of vascular endothelial cells leading to neuro signs
death due to subsequent endothelial cell apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
multiple animals affected
fatal myocarditis tends to be single deaths over time rather than heavy loss in short period of time
sudden death may be only sign noticed
ataxia weakness
lateral recumbency, profound depression, opisthotonos, convulsions
sleeper syndrome-closed or partially closed eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
no changes on CBC
CSF shows bacterial infection and hemorrhage
necropsy |
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Term
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Definition
only in early disease
Gram - antibiotics
euthanasia and future prevention |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Brain and Pituitary Abscess Organism |
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Definition
| Aracanobacterium pyogenes |
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Term
| Brain and Pituitary Abscess Signs |
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Definition
vision loss in contralateral eye
depression
mania
head pressing
circling with head tilt toward lesion
pupillary dysfunction
nystagmus
dysphagia
facial paralysis |
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Term
| Brain and Pituitary Abscess Causes |
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Definition
hematogenous origin
dehorning complication
head butting |
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Term
| Polioencephalomalacia Pathogenesis |
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Definition
deficiency in thiamine which is cofactor in neuronal ATP production
dysfunction of Na-K ATP pump
intracellular Na promotes water into cell
swelling and softening of gray matter |
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Term
| Polioencephalomalacia Causes |
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Definition
thiaminases (bacteria and plant)
high sulfur diets
grain diets promote H2S gas
Sulfur interferes with oxidation in mitochondria leading to depletion of ATP |
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Term
| Polioencephalomalacia Signs |
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Definition
rapidly develop
central blindness
ataxia
proprioceptive deficits
head pressing
hyperexcitability
recumbency, opisthotonus, seizures, coma, death |
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Term
| Polioencephalomalacia Diagnosis |
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Definition
no blood work or CSF
test food/water for H2S and thiamin levels
response to thiamin injection |
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Term
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Definition
anorexia or increased milk production
usually 1st week after calving and 30-40 days into lactation (peak lactation) |
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Term
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Definition
bilateral blindness with intact PLRs
dumb and uncoordinated |
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Term
| Otitis Media/Interna Organism |
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Definition
| main isolate is Mycoplasma bovis |
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Term
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Definition
tilathromycin
puncture and drain ear canal |
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Term
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Definition
Gram negative septicemia in calves
Dehorning causing chronic sinusitis |
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Term
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Definition
grease, oil, old paint, lead-headed nails, batteries, linoleum, smelter discharges
highly palatable to some animals
lead salts readily absorbed
binds to erythroyctes, tissues, bone |
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Term
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Definition
resemble polio
sudden death, central blindness, tremors, chewing fits, seizures, bellowing, occasional aggressive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
usually die despite/before tx
remove source
intermittent CaEDTA to chelate from bone
if early can use thiamin or CaEDTA |
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Term
| Hypernatremia Pathophysiology |
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Definition
excessive extracellular sodium chances relative osmolality, disrupts blood-brain barrier, results in cerebral edema or dehydration
ruminants dehydrated and then give unrestricted water access
or chronic exposure to excess salt followed by unrestricted water access |
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Term
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Definition
common in pigs
multiple animals affected
ataxia, central blindness, thirst, fine tremors, convulsions, head pressing, opisthotonus, coma, death, hemolysis, hemogloburia
CSF sodium higher than blood sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| supportive care, mannitol, dexamethasone, isotonic fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| UMN to front and hindlimbs |
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Term
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Definition
LMN to forelimb
UMN to hind limb |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LMN to hind limbs, anus, bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| LMN to tail and spinal area |
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Term
| Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Pathophysiology |
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Definition
copper deficiency during prenatal/perinatal period in ewes and then passed onto offspring
causes bilateral symmetric myelin degradation in dorsolateral spinal cord tracts +/- cavitations in cerebral white matter
myelin degeneration secondary to oxidative degeneration |
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Term
| Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Signs |
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Definition
usually present at birth but may take up to 3 months
rear limb ataxia, muscle atrophy, paresis
tetraparesis seen at birth
static signs present in neonates
progressive paresis in older animals |
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Term
| Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Diagnosis |
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Definition
definitive diagnosis on necropsy
measure body tissue copper
plasma copper status and assess dietary copper (blood copper increases with stress) |
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Term
| Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Treatment |
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Definition
hypomyelinogenesis and demyelination is irreversible
supplement copper to prevent more cases
Cu:Mo 6:1 |
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Term
| Progressive Ataxia Pathophysiology |
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Definition
recessive defect in pure/mixed breed Charolais calves 3-36 months
posterior paresis following recumbency by 2 years old |
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Term
| Progressive Ataxia Diagnosis |
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Definition
| eosinophilic plaques on white matter in brain/spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Charolais calf
stiff neck, dragging rear toes, stumbling, proprioceptive deficitis, worsens with exercise
difficulty maintaining posture during urination and pulsatile micturition |
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Term
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Definition
usually adult dairy bulls
progressive hyerptonia and hypereflexia
lordosis, limb abduction, caudal extension |
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Term
| Spastic Paresis/Elso Heel Signs |
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Definition
genetic in several breeds
asymmetric pelvic gait
seen in first year of age
increased extensory tone in gastrocnemius muscle
pelvic limbs extend caudally and toe is kept off ground
spasticity is progressive leading to recumbency
exaggerated myotactic reflex |
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Term
| Spastic Paresis/Elso Heel Treatment |
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Definition
spasticity improves with cranial epidural with procaine/lidocaine
tibial neurectomy
gastrocnemius tenotomy
often have recurrences |
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Term
| Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy/"Weaver Syndrome" Signs |
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Definition
occurs in Brown Swiss calves
paraparesis, ataxia, dysmetria of pelic limbs, weaving gait
progression
muscle wasting over hindquarters
onset 5-12 months with recumbency by 2 years |
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Term
| Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy/"Weaver Syndrome" Pathology |
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Definition
lesions in white matter of spinal cord
axonal swelling, degeneration, vacuolation |
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Term
| Organophosphate Toxicity Pathophysiology |
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Definition
| binding with acetylcholinesterase which increases ACh because AchE is not degrading the Ach |
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Term
| Organophosphate Toxicity Signs |
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Definition
Muscarinic Effects (PNS): dyspnea, hypersalivation, diarrhea, bradycardia, pupillary constriction
Nicotinic Effects (SNS): muscle tremors, tetany, recumbency, opistotonus |
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Term
| Organophosphate Toxicity Treatment |
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Definition
Atropine to reduce muscarinic signs
Oral activated charcoal
Oximes (2-PAM) to break bond within first 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
painful, refuse to lower head to eat
may be recumbent
BAR, can look similar to meningitis
may not be able to lift head |
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Term
| Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Spinal Abscess Pathophysiology |
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Definition
common in calves, lambs, fawns
bacteremia with localization in vertebral veins from tail docking, umbilical infections |
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Term
| Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Spinal Abscess Organism |
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Definition
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Corynebacteria-pigs |
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Term
| Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Spinal Abscess Diagnosis |
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Definition
acute signs after pathologic fracture
vertebral collapse/spinal cord compression
malaise, fever, stiffness, lack of proprioception, paresis, recumbency
radiographs show proliferation, lysis, sclerosis, soft tissue sweeling |
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Term
| Epidural Abscess Organisms |
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Definition
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Corynebacteria sp. |
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Term
| Epidural Abscess Treatment |
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Definition
surgical curettage, lavage, drainage
long term antibiotics
subsequent meningitis with poor prognosis
prevent with adequate colostrum |
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Term
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Definition
| common in 3-6 month ruminants due to nutritional deficiencies in Vitamin D, Calcium, Copper |
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Term
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Definition
| dropped elbow will support weight of foot is placed |
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Term
| Fibrocartilaginous Embolism Signs |
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Definition
reported in mixed-breed lambs
acute to peracute asymmetric myelopathy
paresis/paralysis and hyperreflexia caudal to lesion (UMN signs)
hyporeflexia if in brachia or LS area (LMN)
diffuse tremors and truncal ataxia
no treatment |
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Term
| Fibrocartilaginous Embolism Pathogenesis |
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Definition
emboli from nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
pressure or degenerative arthropathy causes herniation of disk material into vertebral marrow
disc material gets into basivertebral veins then basivertebral plexus then to vertebral arterial circuit
causes swelling, infarction, necrosis, hemorrhage of neuropil
can get up into brainstem, spinal cord, cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
usually history of abnormal behavior or poor doer
from hepatic shunts
ataxia, paresis, poor mentation |
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Term
| Spinal Tumors Pathogensis |
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Definition
most common cause is lymphosarcoma from BLV
causes sudden decompensation of blood supply to the site |
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Term
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Definition
flaccid tail and anus
dysuria, urine scalding, distended bladder
perineal loss of sensation
paraparesis and ataxia
can invade along peripheral nerve rootlets |
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Term
|
Definition
BLV positive
internal sublumbar lymph nodes often enlarged
extradural neoplasia
corticosteroids may result in short-term improvement |
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Term
| Hypoderma bovis Life Cycle |
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Definition
aka Warbles
flies deposit eggs on legs
eggs hatch and burrow into skin
first stage larvae migrate to spinal canal
lay dormant in epidural fat through winter
emerge through breathing hole in skin, fall to the ground, and pupate |
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Term
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Definition
associated with death of larvae near spinal cord with treated with organophosphates and avermectins
severe host inflammatory reaction and/or toxins release by dying larvae
rear limb paresis, ataxia, recumbency
signs can resolve with a week
worst cases result in euthanasia |
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Term
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Definition
antiinflammatories (flunixin meglumine or dexamethason)
deworm before larvae reach spinal cord |
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Term
| Sciatic Nerve Damage Signs |
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Definition
able to get around
extended fetlock or weak legs |
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Term
| Femoral Nerve Damage Signs |
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Definition
See in calves most commonly
Dysocia type lesion from being hip-locked
unable to use quadriceps and gastrocnemius? |
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Term
| Tibial Nerve Damage Signs |
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Definition
can't use most of legs
can still put foot on ground |
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Term
| Peroneal Nerve Damage Signs |
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Definition
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Term
| Obturator Nerve Damage Signs |
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Definition
| lack of ability to abduct limbs |
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Term
| Edema Disease in Pigs Pathophysiology |
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Definition
caused by Shiga toxins 2e from E.coli
young pigs with F18 receptors susceptible
toxin produced in gut and taken up in blood
causes necrosis in target tissues behind vascular smooth muscle (eyelids, greater curvature of stomach, mesenteric lymph nodes, brain |
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Term
| Edema Disease in Pigs Pathology |
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Definition
perivascular edema
necrosis of vascular smooth muscle
thrombosis |
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Term
| Edema Disease in Pigs Signs |
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Definition
inappetance
swelling of eyelids and forehead
odd squeal and incoordination
recumbent, respiratory distress
no diarrhea or fever! |
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