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| refers to the interaction among members of a group, each of whom is dependent on the other. |
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| developed the notion that a group is the sum total of its parts; responsible for the field theory. |
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| interaction between the indivdual and environment |
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| quasi-stationary social equilibrium |
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| Lewin states changing group behavior requires unfreezing. Only after the group's beliefs are shaken will they prepare for change.p10 |
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| student of group functioning who emphasized the group as a whole with its dynamics and structure. p10 |
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| when families allow the therapist to subvert their autonomy in the name of problem-solving. p11 |
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| seen in families when one parent colludes with the children to understand the other parent (Bion, W). p11 |
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| distinction in group dynamics that impact family treatmt; process how its discussed vs content what is discussed p11 |
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| the expectations that roles carry bring regularity to complex social situations; roles tend to be complimentary p12 |
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-are complex and dynamic
-members react to each other
-revealing yourself to strangers is safer
-members have equal power and status
-feeling a sense of protection p12 |
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| David Levy's maternal overprotectiveness |
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| mothers who themselves have been deprived of love become overprotective of their children |
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| Freida Fromm's schizophrenic mother |
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| these domineering, aggressive, and refecting women - they provide pathological parenting that produces schizophrenia. p13 |
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| Palo Alto project to study the nature of schizophrenic communication |
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| Bateson stated two levels of communication is covert and unnoticed. p13-14 |
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| Don Jackson's family homeostasis |
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| concept that families are units that resist change, became the defining metaphor of family therapy's first three decades. p14 |
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| Kurt Lewin's idea of can be seen in action in Minuchin's promotion of crises in family lunch sessions, Norman Paul's use of cross-confrontations, and Peggy Papp's family choreography. |
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| Gregory Bateson and his colleagues at Palo Alto introduced this concept to describe the patterns of disturbed family communication which cause schizophrenia p14 -when a person receives two related but contradictory messages but finds it difficult to respond to the inconsistency |
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| Theodore Lidz's role reciprocity |
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| looked at martial relationship deficits; he found the absence of this concept which he stated that to be an effective person, it is important to balance your role with your partner's - to become an effective pair. p15 |
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| family discord where parents undermine each other and compete for their children's affections. p15 |
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| family discord where involves serious character flaws in one parent who dominates the other. p15 |
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| studied schizphrenic families found that they had unreal qualities of their emotions and the natue of the boundaries around them are flexible at times and impervious at other times. p15 |
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| Lyman Wynne's concepts on emotions and their elasticity |
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| pseudomutality, pseudohostility, and the rubber fence |
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| Wynne's communication deviance |
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| communication as the vehicle transmitting thought disorder; more interactional concept and readily observable. p16 |
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| John Spiegel, Role Theorist |
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| described how individuals were differentiated into social roles within the family systems. p16 |
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| Spiegel's second order cybernetics |
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| the system in therapy includes the therapist. p16 |
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| Spiegel's interact/transact |
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interact-they collide but remain essentially unchanged; people
transact-they come together in ways that not only alter each other's course but also bring about internal changes. p16 |
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| R.D. Laing' mystification |
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| Karl Marx's concept of class exploitation;applied to the the politics of families which means distorting someone's experience by denying and relabeling; distort feelings and reality.p16 |
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| when parents mystify their child's experience, the child exisitence becomes inauthenic b/c the child's feelings is not accepted, they project a false sense of self. p16 |
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| therapy for married partners p16 |
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| conceptualized that husband and wives could be treated by the same analyst and that seeing both it was possible to reexamine their irrational perceptions of each other. p16-17 |
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| Mittleman's object relations |
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| internalized images of self and others based on early parent-child interactions that determine a person's mode of relationship to other people. p17 |
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He suggested:
-that husband and wives could be treated by the same analyst
-that by seeing both it was possible to reexamine their irrational perceptions of each other |
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| Bela Mittleman's description of marital disorder and treatment |
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He described a number of complementary marital patterns, including aggressive/submission and detached/demanding. These odd matches are madebecause courting couples see each other's personalities thru the eyes of their illusions. She sees his detachment as strength, he sees her dependency as adoration. p17 |
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| John Bell's family group therapy |
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| relied primarily on stimulating open discussion to help families solve their problems. he encouraged silent family members to speak up and interpreted the reasons for their defensiveness. p17 |
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| John Bell's predictable stages |
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Definition
He carefully structured treatment in 3 phases:
1. child-centered phase - which children were encouraged to express their feelings and concerns.
2. parent-centered phase - they typically complain about their children's behavior. In this phase, he was caeful to soften the harshest parental criticisms in order to focus on problem solving.
3. family-centered phase - the therapist equalized support for the entire family while they continued to improve their communication and work our solutions to their problems. p18 |
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| Peter Lacquer's theory: multiple family group therapy |
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Definition
-involved 4 to 6 families seen together for weekly sessions.
-conducted family group therapy
-provided structured exercises used to increase their interaction level, feeling intensity
-families acted as cotherapists to aid in confronting members of other families from a more personal position. p18 |
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| Robert MacGregor theory: multiple impact therapy |
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Definition
| as a way to maxmize their impact on families.Team members met with various combinations of family members and then assembled in a group for recommendations |
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| Ross Speck and Carolyn Attneave's Network therapy |
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| developed for assisting families in crisis by assembling their entire social network-family, friends, neighbors in gatherings of as many people. p18 |
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| he rejected psychodynamic concepts and focused on the dynamics of interchange between persons; his theory was family homeostasis p18. |
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| Don Jackson's concept of complementary relationships vs symmetrical relationships |
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This concept was first articulated by Bateson. Complementary relationship are those in which partners are different in ways that fit together ex. distancer/pursuer
Symmetrical relationships are based on similarity ex. both partners work. p19 |
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| Don jackson's concept: family rules |
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| He hypothesis was based on the observations that within any committed unit (dyad or group) there are redundant behavior patternsRules can describe regularity than regulation p19. |
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| Jackson's therapeutic strategy: problem maintaining |
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| In order to distinguish functional interactions from those that were dysfunctional, he observed when a problem was presented and how the family members responded to the problem p19. |
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| scapegoated (children or family member) |
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| Some family therapist gleemed from observation that symptoms may serve a purpose to the assumption that families need a sick member in turn led to a view of parent victimizing their children p19. |
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| Jay Haley's theory: Brief therapy |
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| He defined therapy as a directive form of treatment he zeroed in on the patient's symptoms context and function; gained control of the therapeutic relationship. he directs patients to do precisely what they would do anyway p19. |
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| She saw troubled family members as trapped in narrow roles such as victim, placator, defiant one, or rescuer that strains the relationships and sapped their self-esteem. |
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