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| Attack a person's characteristics instead of their argument |
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| Taking for granted something that really needs proving |
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| Trying to prove one idea with another idea too similar |
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| The tendency to see an issue as having only 2 sides |
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| Drawing a general and premature conclusionon the basis of only 1 or 2 cases |
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| Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the 2nd incident |
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| Writing or images that seek to persuade through emotional rather than logical proof |
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| A strong tug on the heartstrngs. An attempt to evoke pity in order to gain leniency or a break |
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| Suggests that because no one has ever proved a particulr claim, it must be false. It unfairly shifts the burden of proof onto someone else. |
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| Statement or topic used to distract the audience from the argument or to hide a weak argument |
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| Choosing words that carry strong positive or negative feeling in order to distract the audience from valid arguments |
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| A testimony or statement from a famous person or expert in an unrelated field |
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| A misconception that a widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make the idea true or right |
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| Using phrases such as "It all boils down to" or "it's a simple question of..." |
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| n writing will ever completely solve or even fully address all problems ivovled in a complex topic |
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