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| last leader of the Soviet Union. Served as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. Policies of glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring), meetings with Reagan, and reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to end of Cold War |
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| 40th President of the United States. Started off as an actor but then transitioned into politics. Ended Cold War. At first he forgoed strategy of detente and escalated arms race with USSR but then negotiated with Gorbachev the decrease of nuclear arsenals. |
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| "Openness." Introduced by Gorbachev, called for openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. |
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| "Resturcturing." Political movement for reformation within Soviet Union during the 1980s, associated with Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform. |
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| co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. |
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| First trade union in Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by communist party. Anti-bureaucratic social movement, using methods of civil resistance to advance the cause of workers' rights and social change |
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| William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton |
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| 42nd President of the US. Deregulation of World Wide Web by Clinton administration |
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| First President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. Vowed to transform Russia's socialist command economy into a free market economy and implemented economic shock therapy, price liberalization and privatization programs. |
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| Arms Limitation Treaties including SALT, START, NPT |
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| treaties to lower the amount of dangerous weapons that US and USSR possessed, counteracting the arms race |
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| German Democratic Republic |
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| state within the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period. From 1949 to 1990, it administered the region of Germany which was occupied by Soviet forces at the end of the Second World War |
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| Federal Republic of Germany |
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| Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. |
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| European Economic Community and European Community |
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| the EEC became the EC in 1993. Aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market, among six founding members Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany |
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| type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made. |
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| International agreement that led to founding of European Economic Community |
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| politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. |
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| European Coal and Steel Community |
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| international organisation serving to unify European countries after World War II. It was formally established by the Treaty of Paris (1951). Led to founding of European Union |
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