Term
| what are the 3 classes of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of hormone that binds to the plasma membrane receptor, and its effects are the most rapid. Examples oxytocin and adrenocorticotrophin. |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of hormone that bind to the plasma membrane receptors and has a fast receptor response. examples are epinephrine, norepineprine, and melatonin |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of hormone that binds to the intercellular receptors. Slow mechanism of action compared to protein hormones. Examples: gonadal hormones, adrenal hormones, thyroid |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some endocrine organ: |
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Definition
| pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, stomach |
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Term
| hormones whose second messanger is cGMP |
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Definition
| atrial natriuretic factor and NO |
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Term
| examples of hormaones whose second messenger is Ca or IP3 |
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Definition
| angiotensin II, insulin and oxytocin |
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Term
| examples of hormones that bind to cell surface receptors and have cAMP as the second messenger? |
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Definition
| ADH, calcotonin, PTH, and the stimulating hormones |
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Term
| during downregulation how are receptors removed from the cell diminishing its response |
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Definition
| through endocytosis, lysosomes, and protein degradation |
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Term
| a way to prevent dowregulation of receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| what organ inactivates ghormones and makes them more water soluble promoting renal excretion |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of hormones that bind to intracellular receptors |
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Definition
| androgens, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), retinoic acid |
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Term
| a structure in the brain that sythesizes and releases hypophysiotropic hormones (blank releasing hormones and prolactin inhibiting hormone) |
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Definition
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Term
| An organ in the brain that secretes tropic hormones in a pulsatile fashion and are delivered via the hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| anterior pituitary AKA adenohypophysis |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of thyroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| growth and matuaration of tissues, cel metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption are affects of this hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| a gland that produces PTH which regulates serum Ca and is an antagonist to calcitonin |
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Definition
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Term
| the limiting part of thyroid hormone sythesis and must be extracted from the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| in the thyroid gland monoiodotyrosine MIT is used to to produce |
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Definition
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Term
| in the thryoid gland diiodotyrosine is used to produce |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the thyroid hormones is most active |
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Definition
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Term
| What binds to the hormone activating receptor on the thyroid response element that alters the rate of gene transcription and mRNA levels |
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Definition
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Term
| the steps of thyroid hormone secretion |
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Definition
1. signal from the body ( low [T3 or T4 or low body temp] reaches the hypothalamus
2. the hypothalamus releases TRH to the anterior lobe of the pituitary
3. the anterior lobe of the pitiatary gland releases TSH
4. TSH causes the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland |
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Term
| a disorder caused by too little throxin and has symptoms of depression and attention and memory problems |
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Definition
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Term
| a disorder associated with too much thyroxin and causes agitation, irritability and wieght loss and possibly goiters (growths on the thyroid gland) |
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Definition
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Term
| the lack of what hormone causes Ca levels to drop and can result in tetany in skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| a chemical released by the thyroid gland that lowers the level of Ca by decreasing the amount of Ca released from bone and decreasing Ca reabsorption from the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| what organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| what is produced by the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas |
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Definition
alpha-glucogon
beta-insulin |
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Term
| in the blood there are equal levels of insulin and what other precursor molocule |
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Definition
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Term
| a hormone secreted by the endocrine pancrease that regulates alpha and beta cell secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| an hormone secreeted by the pancreas that is secreted during times of decreased blood glucose and stimulatesglycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| the part of the insulin receptor that binds to insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| the part of the insulin receptor that binds to ATP and tyrosine kinase |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat activates MAP kinase |
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Definition
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Term
| What plays and important role in blood pressre and has pathophysiologic roles in hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart attack and atherosclerosis |
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Definition
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Term
| a protoelytic enzyme that is fromed and stored in the kidneys and is the primary regulator of the formation and maintenence of angiotensin II in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| a compound that causes the formation of angiotensin II and decrease the degradation of bradykinin. A build-up of bradykinin occurs, resulting in adverse effects (cough, angioedema) and cardiovascular benefits (vasodilation). |
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Definition
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Term
a hormone that is made of 1-2 amino acids that is derived from tyrosine cnn have intracellular or surface receptors
examples thyroid hormone and catecholamines |
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Definition
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Term
| the galnd that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by acteylcholine |
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Definition
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Term
| is a chemical that is released by neurons that act at a specific distant site or sites |
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Definition
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Term
| a compound that binds to receptors on neurons that either stimulate or inhibit the action potential. Examples are acetylcholine, GABA or dopamine |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference in between the way a neurohormone or neurotransmitter acts |
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Definition
| it all depends on the action |
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Term
| chemicals that can be a neurohormone or a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
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Term
| name a drug that is a catecholamine (epinepiphrine and norepinephrine) oxadase inhibitor that cause the levels of the subsances to increase |
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Definition
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Term
| dopamine then norepinephrine then epinephrine are made from what |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzymes inactivate catecholamines |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ binds to dopamine receptors directly and ______ causes the release of endorphins that bind to dopamine receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| epinephrine does what to glucose concentrations |
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Definition
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Term
| the precursor for serotonin and the pineal hormone melatonin |
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Definition
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Term
| an AA that is converted to histamine |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat inhibits the transport of serotonin |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that target endocrine glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects. Examples: oxytocin, prolactin, melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes regulated by steroid hormones possess binding regions in the sequence called |
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Definition
| steroid hormone response elements |
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Term
| is a short DNA sequence for a hormone that acts by binding to a receptor that can act as a transcription factor, that is a binding site for the hormone-receptor complex. |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of feedback in which a stimulus causes the inhibiton of the initial stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| a feedback in which the response reinforce the stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only steroid hormone that is not derived from cholestrol |
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Definition
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Term
| the active hormone is not a classical steroid. binds to a receptor, structurally similar to the steroid receptors, to form a complex that functions as a transcription factor, regulating gene expression. |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 biologically active molecules of vitamin A |
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Definition
| retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. |
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Term
| ______is necessary for the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the dermis to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol which is, in turn, converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the biologically active form of vitamin D |
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Definition
| 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, also termed calcitriol |
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Term
| a vitamin whose function is to regulate calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| a drug that block Na channeks in pain neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX) which catalyses a reaction in the biochemical pathway that results in the production of prostaglandins, important mediators in the inflammatory response. |
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Definition
| Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
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