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| Ancient Greek physician – ably described the workings of the nervous system – but he was wrong about the circulatory system. His theory of disease: body made of 4 elements (fire, earth, water and air: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm & blood) –illness occurs when these become unbalanced |
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| (means beyond Celsus – Ancient Roman physician) German physician discarded Galen’s theory. He believed external agents caused disease. But his choice of chemicals (e.g. mercury & antimony) to cure disease where lethal rather than palliative. |
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| believed that diseases were spread by invisible seminaria contagium (contagious seeds) – but nobody believed him |
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| performed lots of dissections on human bodies – completed first complete and fairly accurate anatomical text, On the Human Body (1543). The Church objected to his dissections and sentenced him to death. He died under suspicious circumstances while returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. |
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| Surgeon vs. physician in the Renaissance |
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| physicians were supposed to understand the functioning of the body, surgeons were considered “craftsmen” – specialized in cutting out or off infected body parts. |
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| French army surgeon deemed “father of modern surgery.” Devised ligature and cord method for stopping bleeding (cauterization had been traditional method). |
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| in early 17th century learned the workings of the circulatory system. |
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| : Pseudoscience – study of changing one type of thing into another. Renaissance alchemists searched for ways of changing ordinary metals into gold (“The Philosopher’s Stone”) and for the “Panacea” (a substance that will cure all diseases and prolong life). |
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| Geocentric theory of the universe |
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| 9. Geocentric theory of the universe: Theory that stated the Earth is in the center of the universe and the planets and stars revolve around the Earth. This was Aristotle’s theory. |
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| Ancient Greek astronomer - geocentric universe made of co-centric spheres with the planets and stars located on the spheres. Church made his ideas official church doctrine. |
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| On the Revolution of the of the Celestial Spheres (1530) - describes his heliocentric theory of the universe. Church (Catholic & Protestant) strongly opposed idea. |
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| Italian Renaissance Philosopher. On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (1584) he wrote about a rotating & orbiting earth – suggested that Earth & humanity were an “accident of a single living world substance.” Proposed that there were many suns with planets orbiting them just as our solar system. He was condemned by the church, arrested for heresy and burned at the stake. |
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| The Starry Messenger (1610) & Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,Ptolemaic and Copernican (1632). Math professor, using a telescope (invented by a Dutch spectacle maker), he confirmed the heliocentric theory, discovered hills & valleys on the moon, Saturn’s rings, 4 of Jupiter’s moons & sunspots. Condemned by the Roman inquisition, spent last part of his life under house arrest. |
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| Ptolemy’s 8 volume guide of the known world in ancient times (Africa, Europe & Asia). Remarkably accurate –but he vastly underestimated the size of the oceans. Translated into Latin in 1406 – creating an renewed interest among scholars to determine the size of the Earth. |
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| Gerhard Kremer (Mercator) |
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| German cartographer - developed a system for translating a spherical world onto a flat map. |
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| Also known as the North star. It is always in the North and its height in the sky increases as you travel North. |
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| Instrument (1/4 of a circle) designed to measure the angle formed by the line of sight to the pole star and the ground is approximately the latitude. |
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| Round instrument used to measure the height of the sun or other stars. The navigator could then use a table to determine latitude. |
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| Could not be measured directly until the 18th century. Made open sea travel very difficult! |
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