Term
| prior to taking resting measures what should the subject do? |
|
Definition
be seated for at least 5 minutes
refrain from caffeine for 2 hours prior
refrain from smoking for 2 hours prior |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways to measure heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling pule by placing fingers over an artery |
|
|
Term
| what are the two sites for measuring heart rate by auscultation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you place the bell of the stethoscope to measure heart rate at the apical site? |
|
Definition
| midclavicular line and 3rd intercostal space on the left side of the body |
|
|
Term
| how do you take heart rate at the brachial site? |
|
Definition
| inflate blood pressure cuff, brachial pulse will be audible when pressure reading is between systolic and diastolic (~100mmHg) |
|
|
Term
| T/F you should count the heart rate for 30 seconds and multiply by 2. |
|
Definition
false
you should count the heart rate for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 |
|
|
Term
| what are the two sites for measuring heart rate by palpation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
describe how to take heart rate by palpation on the carotid site.
what is important to note? why? |
|
Definition
two fingers on either side of the neck, just below the mandible
NOTE: don't push too hard, may partially block pulse or induce a baroreceptor reflex that slows HR |
|
|
Term
| describe how to take HR by palpation at the radial site. |
|
Definition
| just below the wrist in line with the index finger |
|
|
Term
| T/F it is acceptable to use your thumb when taking heart rate. |
|
Definition
false
do not use your thumb, use the two fingers on either hand to apply light pressure |
|
|
Term
| describe the steps of how to take bloop pressure. |
|
Definition
1) wrap cuff around upper arm at heart level (1in above antecubital space)
2) stethoscope bell firmly over the brachial artery (just below biceps)
3) inflate cuff to 160mmHg
4) release at 2-3mmHg per second |
|
|
Term
| at what mmHg should the blood pressure cuff be inflated to at rest? during exercise? |
|
Definition
rest: 160mmHg
exercise: 200mmHg |
|
|
Term
what is the first sound you hear when taking blood pressure?
last sound? |
|
Definition
1st sound: systolic
last sound: diastolic |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 components of demographics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for BMI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are potential sources of error when taking blood pressure? |
|
Definition
improper cuff size
auditory acuity of technician
reaction time of technician
background noise
allowing patient to hold handrails |
|
|
Term
| explain the skeletal muscle pump and why it makes it harder to take blood pressure. |
|
Definition
| increases venous return which makes it harder to take blood pressure during exercise because the needle will bounce a lot more |
|
|
Term
| how long are the stages of the YMCA Cycle Test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is important to note about the warm up of the YMCA Cycle Test? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 minutes long and can be combined with the first stage |
|
|
Term
| how do you set the bike up for the YMCA Cycle Protocol? |
|
Definition
5-10 degree knee bend at maximal leg extension
-or seat level at hip crease
upright posture
make sure the subject is comfortable |
|
|
Term
| what should be done before the YMCA Cycle Test is started? |
|
Definition
take resting measures
set up the bike
explain RPE chart
explain the bike
find 85% max heart rate |
|
|
Term
| at what times during each stage should the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what measurements are taken during each stage of the YMCA Cycle Test? |
|
Definition
heart rate
blood pressure
RPE |
|
|
Term
| at what time during each stage should each measurement be taken? |
|
Definition
heart rate=1:30 & 2:30
blood pressure=2:00
RPE at the and of each stage |
|
|
Term
| what is the termination criteria of the YMCA Cycle Test? |
|
Definition
85% max HR is reached
subjects fail to conform to protocol
experiences adverse signs/symptoms
requests to stop
emergency |
|
|
Term
| are termination criteria and validation criteria the same? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the starting wattage of the YMCA Cycle Protocol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you determine the wattage for the YMCA Cycle Protocol after the first stage? |
|
Definition
take the average of the two heart rates and then look at the chart. Based on the heart rate average follow the flow chart for the remaining wattage
<80bpm=125,150,175
80-89bom=100,125,150
90-99bpm=75,100,125
>100bpm=50,75,100 |
|
|
Term
| in order for a steady state to be established, the two heart rates taken during each stage should be within 6 beats of each other, what happens if they are not within 6 beats? |
|
Definition
if steady state is not achieved during any stage, continue each stage for 1 more minute and take a third heart rate and re-check for steady state.
once steady state is achieved move on to next stage
if the third steady state is not reached, stop the test, something went wrong |
|
|
Term
| when taking BP during a test, what is a tip to make sure you do not run out of time during the test? |
|
Definition
| before the test begins place the BP cuff on the subjects arm and keep it there throughout the test |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for VO2 for the YMCA Cycle Protocol? |
|
Definition
| VO2=1.8(Watts)/body weight + 7 |
|
|
Term
| how should the subject start on the treadmill? |
|
Definition
start the subject straddling the belt
start pawing the belt with one foot
ensure proper posture |
|
|
Term
| T/F the subject is not allowed to hold on to anything during a treadmill test, even if that means disregarding posture. |
|
Definition
false
may lightly hold hand rails with finger tip pressure |
|
|
Term
| what is the object of the treadmill sub maximal test? |
|
Definition
| determine steady state HR between 115-155 bpm |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the subject HR exceeds 155 during a sub maximal treadmill test? |
|
Definition
stop the test immediately
the test is invalidated |
|
|
Term
| when should heart rate be taken during a sub maximal treadmill test? |
|
Definition
| at the beginning of 2nd and 3rd minute |
|
|
Term
| what defines steady state? |
|
Definition
| two HRs taken that are within 6 beats of each other |
|
|
Term
| T/F if the subject's HR exceeds 135 during the second stage of a sub maximal treadmill test it is ok to move to the next stage. |
|
Definition
false
you will not be able to keep the subject below 155 |
|
|
Term
| what should be performed after each test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what height should the bench be set at for the Step Test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many steps per minute should be taken for men? women? |
|
Definition
men=24 steps per min
women=22 steps per min |
|
|
Term
| what should the metronome be set at for men? women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does a Step Test last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how is HR measured during a Step Test?
when is it measured? |
|
Definition
HR monitor
5 seconds after stopping
20 seconds after stopping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average of the HRs from the Step Test |
|
|
Term
| what sub maximal test would you have a college-age man and women enrolled in a fitness and conditioning class take? |
|
Definition
| treadmill submaximal test |
|
|
Term
| what sub maximal test would you have an elderly man and women attending a senior citizen's fitness program take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sub maximal test would you have a man and women enrolled in a step aerobics class take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of athlete should be interested in maximal testing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the advantages of sub maximal testing?
disadvantages? |
|
Definition
advantages: safer, doesn't require physician supervision
disadvantages: estimate VO2max resulting in some error, can't diagnose underlying issues |
|
|
Term
what are the advantages of maximal testing?
disadvantages? |
|
Definition
advantages: can reveal potential underlying disease and VO2max is more accurate
disadvantages: place greater stress on subject and requires physician in some situations |
|
|
Term
| how long should a VO2max test last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if a VO2max protocol is too aggressive? |
|
Definition
| subject will not reach max |
|
|
Term
| what happens if a VO2max protocol is too easy? |
|
Definition
| subject will fatigue and affect the max |
|
|
Term
| give an example of a VO2max test for young, fit individuals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give examples of a VO2max test for normal, but sedentary individuals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give examples of a VO2max test for elderly and/or poor health/fitness individuals. |
|
Definition
| Naughton, Modified Naughton |
|
|
Term
| what is the constant speed of the Astrand protocol? How much does the grade increase at each stage? |
|
Definition
5 mph
increases 2.5% each stage |
|
|
Term
| in Dr. Huang's VO2max protocol, how long is the warm up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in Dr. Huang's VO2max protocol, what is the objective of the first stage? |
|
Definition
| bring the subject to 85% of their max HR within 3 minutes |
|
|
Term
| in Dr. Huang's VO2max protocol, how much is the grade increased each stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do you increase the grade? |
|
Definition
| increase the muscle mass used, results in more oxygen being used |
|
|
Term
| what does a VO2 peak represent? |
|
Definition
| what you can do at that time |
|
|
Term
| what does a VO2 max represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
during a VO2 peak cycle test, what watts do you start at?
how much do you increase each stage? |
|
Definition
50 watts
25watts each stage |
|
|
Term
| what are the measurements taken during peak and max tests? |
|
Definition
VO2
HR
RPE
RER
Respiratory Rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the VO2max testing criteria?
how many do you need for it to be a valid test? |
|
Definition
1)RER greater than 1.15
2)REP of more than 16
3)RR over 50 breaths per minute
4)Reaching APMHR
5)HR doesn't increase with increasing exercise intensity
6)VO2 doesn't increase with increasing exercise intensity
must attain at least 2 for the test to be valid |
|
|
Term
| what is done post test for a VO2 max test? |
|
Definition
take HR and RPE immediately following completion
monitor HR for 1-2 minutes for at least 5 minutes or until return to baseline levels |
|
|
Term
| define lactate threshold. |
|
Definition
| highest VO2 before the first nonlinear increase in lactate |
|
|
Term
| what is happening in the body when the lactate threshold is reached? |
|
Definition
| the body is producing more lactate than the body is clearing |
|
|
Term
| what is another threshold related to lactate threshold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the resting lactate level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what needs to be done in the beginning of the lactate threshold test? (Hint: usually during the first 3 stages) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many stages does a lactate threshold test last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F during a lactate threshold test, it does not matter how much the HR increases from stage to stage. |
|
Definition
false
the HR should not increase more than 15 beats from stage to stage |
|
|
Term
| during a lactate threshold test, what should happen as 4 mmols of lactate is accumulated? |
|
Definition
| try to accumulate as much lactate as possible |
|
|
Term
| define ventilatory threshold. |
|
Definition
| last point before ventilation begins to increase in a non-linear fashion |
|
|
Term
| explain the ventilatory threshold. |
|
Definition
blood buffers attempt to neutralize and reduce the acidosis (created by increasing CO2 in the blood)->
this causes an increase in CO2->
body increases ventilation to eliminate CO2 |
|
|
Term
| explain HCO3- + H+ -> H2O + CO2 |
|
Definition
| as lactate is produced by the muscles from accumulation of pyruvate, the blood buffer bicarbonate takes up the hydrogen from lactic acid and is made into water and CO2. with an increasing production of lactic acid, this process continues to occur, thus increasing the CO2 in the blood. with causes ventilation to increase to rid the body of excess CO2 |
|
|
Term
| what is maximal exercise in mmol of blood lactate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is lactate threshold 2 in terms of mmol of blood lactate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a by product of energy production, formed by reduction of pyruvate by NADH with the enzyme lactate dehydrogrnase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F when you increase the intensity, you increase the production rate of lactate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lactate shuttle? |
|
Definition
oxidation in nonworking muscle
oxidation in the liver |
|
|
Term
| does lactate have a linear relationship with work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the lactate threshold occur in a trained individual, in other words what classifies an individual as trained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the lactate threshold occur in a untrained individual, in other words what classifies an individual as untrained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of the lactate and ventilatory threshold? |
|
Definition
1)fast glycolysis increases
2)increased NADH and pyruvate molecules
3)NAHD and pyruvate can not enter the Krebs cycle
4)LDH reduces pyruvate to lactic acid
5)lactic acid is buffered by bicarbonate
6)CO2 increased due to buffering
7)ventilation increased due to CO2 accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what measurements were taken during a lactate threshold test? |
|
Definition
VO2
Ve
Lactate
HR
RPE
Speed/ Power |
|
|
Term
| what measurements are observed while training? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the combination of the protocol and results from the test can be used to monitor training zones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what zone should the majority of training be spent in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what zone is interval training done? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what zone should you stay out of while training? |
|
Definition
|
|
