Term
| what is the test sequence prior to testing? |
|
Definition
medical history
informed consent
patient instructions
prepare paperwork
calibrate equipment |
|
|
Term
| how long should a patient refrain from ingesting food, alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine prior to testing? |
|
Definition
| within 3 hours of the test |
|
|
Term
| what should the patient avoid completely on the day of the test? |
|
Definition
| significant exertion or hard exercise |
|
|
Term
| what is important for women patients in regard to clothing? |
|
Definition
loose-fitting short sleeved blouse that buttons down the front
avoid restrictive undergarments |
|
|
Term
| T/F if the test is for diagnostic purposes it may be helpful for patients to discontinue prescribed CV medications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who can allow for the patient to discontinue prescribed CV medications prior to a GXT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would it be appropriate for physician approval to discontinue taking CV medications prior to a GXT? |
|
Definition
prescribed antianginal agents alter the hemodynamic response to exercise and reduces the sensitivity to the ECG.
the participant could perform better on the test with the medication than without and cause the test to be misleading |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between a functional test and a diagnostic test? which one is better to have a physician advise the patient to discontinue their CV medications? |
|
Definition
functional test: test ran for functional purposes to see how well the body is working, to create and exercise prescription
diagnostic test: test ran to see the function of the body and diagnose the patient based on results and their relation to CHD or CVD.
diagnostic testing |
|
|
Term
| why is it recommended that the subject stay on their medication during a functional test? |
|
Definition
| to ensure the results will be consistent with responses expected during exercise training |
|
|
Term
| if a patient is taking medication what should be brought to the testing center? |
|
Definition
list of medications
dosage and frequency of medication |
|
|
Term
| what is the testing sequence when it comes to type of test? |
|
Definition
resting measures
cardiorespiratory fitness
muscular strength/endurance
flexibility |
|
|
Term
| what are the resting measures that should be taken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two ways should ECG and BP be taken? |
|
Definition
| supine and exercise postures |
|
|
Term
| during the GXT when should 12-lead ECG be recorded? |
|
Definition
| during the last 15 seconds of every stage and peak exercise |
|
|
Term
| during the GXT when should BP be taken? |
|
Definition
| during the last minute of each stage |
|
|
Term
| during the GXT when should RPE be taken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| posttest when should 12-lead ECG be taken? |
|
Definition
| immediately after exercise, then every 1 to 2 minutes for at least 5 minutes to allow any exercise induced changes to return to baseline |
|
|
Term
| posttest when should BP be taken? |
|
Definition
| immediately after exercise, then every 1 to 2 minutes until stabilized near baseline level |
|
|
Term
| what are the pretest steps for a cycle ergometry test? |
|
Definition
adjust the seat height so the knee is slightly flexed (5-10 deg)
keep pace with a metronome
do not hold tightly to the handle bars |
|
|
Term
| what are the pretest steps for a treadmill test? |
|
Definition
straddle belt with one foot and paw with the other to begin
fingertip pressure to hold for balance |
|
|
Term
| what is the main difference of a submax and a maximal test? |
|
Definition
| submax does not exceed participants 85% of their max HR |
|
|
Term
| compare maximal and sub maximal tests. |
|
Definition
maximal test place greater stress on the person, but are more likely to reveal underlying disease and retrieve a more accurate VO2
submaxiaml tests are generally safe, and don't require physician supervision; however, VO2 is estimated and does not reveal underlying disease |
|
|
Term
| generally how long should a maximal GXT last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the test protocol guild lines for young, physically active individuals?
give an example. |
|
Definition
begin at ~6 METS and increase 2-3 METS each stage
Astrand |
|
|
Term
what are the test protocol guild lines for normal but sedentary individuals?
give an example. |
|
Definition
begin at ~3-4 METS and increase 1-2 METS each stage.
Ellestad, Bruce, Balke |
|
|
Term
what are the test protocol guild lines for elderly or of questionable health/fitness?
give an example. |
|
Definition
begin at ~1-2 METS and increase 0.5-1 METS each stage
Naughton, Modified Naughton, ramp |
|
|
Term
| what should precede the GXT on a cycle ergometer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a submaximal cycle ergometer test, how long should each stage last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F if you are unsure of a test protocol you should make it harder. |
|
Definition
false
if you are unsure you should always go lighter |
|
|
Term
| what is proper position on a cycle ergometer? |
|
Definition
upright posture
5 degree knee bend
hands in proper position on handlebars |
|
|
Term
| when do you measure HR during the submaximal cycle ergometer test? |
|
Definition
near the end of the second and third minute of each stage
twice |
|
|
Term
| when should blood pressure be taken during the submaximal cycle ergometer test? |
|
Definition
| taken during the late portion of each stage |
|
|
Term
| when should RPE be taken during a submaximal cycle ergometer test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should be monitored regularly during any GXT? |
|
Definition
| regularly throughout the test |
|
|
Term
| when should a sub maximal cycle ergometer test be stopped? |
|
Definition
when the subject reaches 85% of APMHR
fails to conform to the protocol
experiences adverse signs or symptoms
requests to stop
emergency situation |
|
|
Term
| what are the two versions of a cool down that should be done after a sub maximal cycle ergometer test? |
|
Definition
continue pedaling at work rate of the first stage or lower
or
a passive cool down if the subject experiences signs of discomfort or an emergency occurs |
|
|
Term
| how long should you continue physiologic observations after a sub maximal cycle ergometer test? |
|
Definition
| at least 4 minutes unless abnormal responses occur which would call for a longer period of time |
|
|
Term
| what are the general guidelines for a sub maximal cycle ergometer test? |
|
Definition
1) Begin with a 2-3 minute warm up and prepare for the first stage.
2) 3 minute stages, with appropriate work increments
3) ensure the client is properly positioned on the cycle ergometer.
4) HR should be monitored near the end of the second and third minute of each stage
5) BP should be measured in the late portion of each stage
6) RPE should be recorded at the end of each stage
7) monitor client's appearance throughout the test
8) end the test if the termination protocol is met
9) appropriate cool down
10) continue to monitor physiologic observations |
|
|
Term
| what is the maximal oxygen uptake criteria where 2 or more need to be met? |
|
Definition
1-failure of HR to increase with further increases in exercise intensity
2-a plateau in oxygen uptake with increased workload
3-a RER greater than 1.15
4-post-exercise venous LA concentration of more than 8mmol
5-RPE of more than 17 |
|
|
Term
| T/F a plateau in oxygen uptake is consistently seen during GXT. |
|
Definition
false
inconsistently seen, which has caused it to lose favor |
|
|
Term
| according to dr. Zoeller, what is the RPE criteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why should you always ask the patient why they stopped the test? |
|
Definition
because you are trying to test the heart and lungs not the musculature.
if they say they stopped because of their legs it was probably not a great test |
|
|
Term
| if a max test is stopped because the musculature of the patient failed what is this test usually called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the general indications for stopping an exercise test in low-risk individuals? (Hint: 9) |
|
Definition
1-onset of angina
2-significant drop in systolic BP
3-excessive rise in BP (260/115)
4-signs of poor perfusion
5-failure of HR to increase with increase exercise intensity
6-noticable change in heart rhythm
7-subject requests to stop
8-physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue
9-failure of testing equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F if a maximal GXT is stopped you should not try to cool down the patient. |
|
Definition
| false you should try to cool them down |
|
|
Term
| what test would a biker have a higher VO2 max at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for a bike test, what is wattage and how much should you increase during each stage if the patient is an athlete? |
|
Definition
| begin at 100 watts and increase 50 at each stage |
|
|
Term
| for a bike test, what is wattage and how much should you increase during each stage if the patient is an average person? |
|
Definition
| begin at 25 watts and increase 25 at each stage |
|
|
Term
| during the ramp protocol how many watts should be increased every minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order to see a plateau in oxygen consumption what must be done? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the disadvantages of a sub maximal exercise test? |
|
Definition
lose accuracy in VO2 max
less likely to find underlying CHD |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of a sub maximal exercise test? |
|
Definition
safer for the patient
less stressful on the |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of a max exercise test? |
|
Definition
very accurate
find underlying CHD |
|
|
Term
| what are the disadvantages of a max exercise test? |
|
Definition
greater stress in the patient
more likely for something to happen
recommend a doctor is present |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical length of a maximal GXT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a maximal exercise test for young, fit individuals? how does it work? |
|
Definition
Astrand
begin at 6 METS increase 2-3 METS each stage
constant speed, increase grade |
|
|
Term
| why do you increase the grade during a maximal exercise test? |
|
Definition
because you need to increase the muscle mass being used
more muscle mass used, more oxygen is being used |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a maximal exercise test for normal but sedentary individuals? how does it work? |
|
Definition
Bruce 1.7 at a 10% grade in 1st stage
being 3-4METS and increase 1-2METS each stage |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a maximal exercise test for elderly, obese, or patients with arthritic problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a Balke or Naughton test is for who? |
|
Definition
| elerly, obese or patients with arthritic problems that are in very poor physical condition |
|
|
Term
| what are the absolute indications for terminating exercise testing? |
|
Definition
1-drop in systolic BP from baseline despite and increase in workload
2-moderate to severe angina
3-increase nervous system symptoms
4-signs of poor perfusion
5-techincal difficulties monitoring the ECG or systolic BP
6-subject desire to stop
7-sustained ventricular tachycardia
8-ST elevation >1mm |
|
|
Term
| at what stage on the angina scale should the test be stopped? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F if you are administering an exercise test and the patient experiences chest pain, you should continue to test. |
|
Definition
false,
if you are without a doctor you should stop the test and immediately have the patient perform a cool down |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of a GRADED exercise test? |
|
Definition
| the intensity increases gradually |
|
|
Term
| what is the best way to make an exercise prescription? |
|
Definition
| to perform an exercise test to see where the client is at |
|
|
Term
| what are the purposes of fitness testing? |
|
Definition
1-educating clients on present fitness status
2-providing data to aid in the creation of an exercise prescription
3-collecting baseline and follow-up data that allow for evaluation of progress
4-motivating participants by establishing reasonable and attainable fitness goals
5-diagnosing ischemic heart disease
6-stratfying risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
stop the heart and sew in a new artery to bypass the blockage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
catheter from the femoral artery to the heart, inflate the balloon and leave the stent |
|
|
Term
| how many PTCA are done each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would you perform a pre-discharge exercise test after a MI? what kind of test is it? |
|
Definition
to evaluate medications and to detect any ECG or hemodynamic abnormalities
usually submaximal |
|
|
Term
| why would you perform a post-discharge exercise test after a MI? |
|
Definition
| usually prior to the admittance to a Phase 2 program for the purpose of evaluating the patient's condition and medication as well as basis for exercise prescription |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of a healthy history questionnaire? |
|
Definition
medical diagnosis
previous physical exam findings
history of symptoms
recent illnesses, hospitalization or surgical procedures
orthopedic problems
medications, drug allergies
other habits
exercise history
work history
family history |
|
|
Term
| who and what level of exercise is the PAR-Q designed for? |
|
Definition
| people who seem healthy wanting to participate in moderate intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| what are absolute contradictions for deciding when not to perform an exercise test? |
|
Definition
a recent significant change in the resting ECG
unstable angina
uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias
uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure
actue pulmonary embolus
acute myocarditis
suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
acute infections |
|
|
Term
| what is an aneurysm? where are the usually located? |
|
Definition
blood starts to accumulate in the walls of the artery
usually in the aorta walls |
|
|
Term
| what are the relative contradictions where a doctor can make the call to have an exercise test done? |
|
Definition
left main coronary stenosis
moderate stenotic valvar heart disease
electrolyte abnormalities
severe arterial hypertension
tachyarrhymthias or bradyarrhythmias
hypertonic cardiomyopathy
neuromuscular, musculoskeletal or rheumatoid disorders
high degree atrioventricular block
ventricular aneurysm
uncontrolled metabolic disease
chronic infection disease |
|
|
Term
| who is low risk according to the ACSM risk stratification? |
|
Definition
| younger individuals who are asymptomatic and meet no more than one risk factor |
|
|
Term
| who is moderate risk according to the ACSM risk stratification? |
|
Definition
| older individuals or those who meet the threshold for two or more risk factors |
|
|
Term
| who is high risk according to the ACSM risk stratification? |
|
Definition
| individuals with one or more signs/symptoms or known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of an older individual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the risk factors of CHD? |
|
Definition
family history
cigarette smoking
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
impaired fasting glucose
obesity
sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| what is family history as a risk factor of CHD? |
|
Definition
| sudden death before 55 of first degree male or before 65 in first degree female |
|
|
Term
| what is cigarette smoking as a risk factor of CHD? |
|
Definition
| current smoker or those who have quit within the previous 6 months |
|
|
Term
| what is hypertension as a risk factor of CHD? |
|
Definition
| confirmed systolic BP if >140 or diastolic >90 or on anti-hypertension medication |
|
|
Term
| what is hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor of CHD? |
|
Definition
total serum cholesterol=>200mg/dL
HDL=<40
LDL=>130mg/dL
or on lipid-lowering medication |
|
|
Term
| what defines the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
abdominal obesity
high BP
high triglycerides
low HDL
high blood sugar |
|
|
Term
| what does metabolic syndrome do to the risk of death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does metabolic syndrome do to the risk of stroke or heart attack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does metabolic syndrome do to the risk of CVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is impaired fasting glucose as a risk factor for CHD? |
|
Definition
| confirmed fasting blood glucose of >100 |
|
|
Term
| what is obesity as a risk factor of CHD? |
|
Definition
BMI of >30
or
waist girth >40in for men and >35in for women |
|
|
Term
| what is sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor of CHD? |
|
Definition
| persons not participating in a regular exercise program or meeting the minimal physical activity recommendations |
|
|
Term
| what is the only negative risk factor for CHD? |
|
Definition
high serum HDL cholesterol
>60mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| if you have two positive risk factors and high HDL cholesterol, how many risk factors do you have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is it recommended a doctor is present for vigorous exercise? |
|
Definition
| if the patient is moderate or high risk |
|
|
Term
| when is it recommended a doctor is present for maximal test? |
|
Definition
| if the patient is moderate or high risk |
|
|
Term
| if the patient is moderate risk when should a doctor be present? |
|
Definition
| only when the patient is participating in vigorous exercise or performing a maximal exercise test |
|
|
Term
| what is the rationale of an informed consent? |
|
Definition
| to pro dive the client with sufficient informations to be able to make an informed decision. |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of an informed consent? |
|
Definition
1-explanation of the test in language that the patient understands
2-full disclosure of the risk and discomforts as well as benefits associated with testing
3-explanation of patient responsibilities
4-inquiries (allow the patient to ask questions)
5-freedom of consent (that it is voluntary)
6-confidentiality
7-specificity
8-any questions should be answered prior to signing |
|
|
Term
| T/F a signed informed consent for absolutely absolves you from legal responsibilities for untoward events. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two disadvantages of a field test? |
|
Definition
could be maximal for some subjects
environment |
|
|
Term
| what is an advantage of a field test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you are moderate risk individual and want to participate in moderate exercise, do you need a physician approval? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what units should be used if you are looking at VO2 over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is important about the increasing of VO2 on a graph? |
|
Definition
it should increase sharply and then level off
it shouldnt increase so gradually |
|
|
Term
| T/F Q and VO2 look different when graphed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is believed to be the cause of the increase and leveling off of stroke volume? |
|
Definition
| the pressure in the veins is much less and it takes longer therefore it levels and can actually go down |
|
|
Term
how does HR increase?
what can it be used to indicate? |
|
Definition
increases until max
used to indicated exercise intensity |
|
|
Term
| at first what happens to Q with exercise? |
|
Definition
| increase due to SV, until 50% of VO2 then the increase is attributed to HR |
|
|
Term
| when do you typically see SV level off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? |
|
Definition
| average arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
| during exercise what happens to systolic and diastolic pressure? |
|
Definition
| systolic increases and diastolic does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mean arterial pressure
/
total peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| at rest the heart beat is what fraction of diastole? systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equations for MAP? |
|
Definition
| MAP=diastolic pressure + [1/3(SBP-DBP)] |
|
|
Term
| during exercise and as HR increases how long are in you diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during vigorous exercise, what is the equation for MAP? |
|
Definition
| MAP=diastolic pressure + [1/2(SBP-DBP)] |
|
|
Term
| if you have increase dilation of the blood vessels, what happens to resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you increase MAP what happens to Q and TRP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the AVO2 difference? what does it measure? |
|
Definition
ability to extract oxygen
measures O2 leaving the heart and blood returning to the heart |
|
|
Term
| how does AVO2 difference increase on a graph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ventilatory threshold closely related too? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if you were to increase the alkalinity of the blood? |
|
Definition
| you could increase the LA buffering capacity |
|
|
Term
| what does sodium bicarbonate act as if there is too much? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the 2nd VT what is happening? when does this occur? |
|
Definition
chemoreceptors are detecting the decrease in pH of the blood causing an increase in breathing
occurs during the end because you are running out of buffer |
|
|
Term
| what is a trend line used for? |
|
Definition
| to predict what we don't know |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of VO2 for an untrained female? |
|
Definition
3.5-30/35 ml/kg/min
~2L/min |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of VO2 for an untrained male? |
|
Definition
3.5-40/45 ml/kg/min
~3.5L/min |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of VO2 for trained female? |
|
Definition
3.5-65/70 ml/kg/min
~3.5L/min |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of VO2 for trained male? |
|
Definition
3.5-85/90 ml/kg/min
~6L/min |
|
|
Term
| does VO2 change during rest with training? |
|
Definition
no
as well there is little change submaximally |
|
|
Term
| T/F resting Q changes with training. |
|
Definition
false
resting Q does not change with exercise training |
|
|
Term
| how does Q increase on a graph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do you see an increase maximally in Q? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of Q for an untrained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of Q for an untrained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of Q for a trained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of Q for a trained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to SV at rest? |
|
Definition
| increases due to increase in blood volume, increase contractility of the heart, increase the size of the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is one of the most important reasons HR goes down? |
|
Definition
| because SV increases at rest |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of SV for an untrained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of SV for an untrained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of SV for a trained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of SV for a trained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does HR adapt to exercise? |
|
Definition
| lower at rest and sub maximally but no change at maximal exercise |
|
|
Term
| how does BP adapt to exercise? |
|
Definition
| decreases at all times even at max exercise due to a decrease in resistance |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of ventilation for an untrained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of ventilation for an untrained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of ventilation for a trained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of ventilation for a trained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does AVO2 difference change due to exercise? |
|
Definition
| won't see too much of a change at rest or sub maximally but a large change during max exercise |
|
|
Term
| T/F lung function adapts to exercise. |
|
Definition
false,
lung function doesn't change, not a limiting factor of performance.
it does not change at rest, will decrease sub maximally, and will only increase until it reaches the end |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of tidal volume for an untrained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of tidal volume for an untrained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of tidal volume for a trained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of tidal volume for a trained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of breathing rate for an untrained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of breathing rate for an untrained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of breathing rate for a trained female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values of breathing rate for a trained male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F VO2 max test are good for extremes of the high and low quality of fitness. |
|
Definition
false
good the average person but poor indicator for people who are really fit and people who are in terrible shape |
|
|
Term
| what are the major symptoms/signs suggestive of cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic disease? |
|
Definition
Pain in the chest, neck, jaw and arms
shortness of breath
dizziness/syncope
orthophea/paraoxsmal nocturnal dyspnea
ankle edema
palpations/tachycardia
intermittent claudication
known heart murmur |
|
|
Term
what are the cardiovascular disease factors (positive risk factors)?
what is the one negative risk factor? |
|
Definition
family history
age
cigarette smoking
sedentary lifestyle
obesity
hypertension
dyslipidema
pre-diabetes
HDL greater than 60 |
|
|
Term
| what is family history as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
| death of an immediate family member before the age of 55 in men and 65 in women |
|
|
Term
| what is age as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
| if the individual is over the age of 45 for men and 55 for women |
|
|
Term
| what is cigarette smoking as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
| current smoker or has quit in the last 6 months |
|
|
Term
| what is obesity as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
BMI of greater than 30
or
waist girth of greater then 102cm in men or 88cm in women |
|
|
Term
| what is hypertension as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
| SBP greater than 140 or DBP greater than 90 |
|
|
Term
| what is dylipidema as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
LDL greater than 130
HDL less than 40
or on medication |
|
|
Term
| what is prediabetes as a positive cardiovascular disease factor? |
|
Definition
| IFG greater than 100 but less than 125 |
|
|
Term
| what are the absolute contradictions to exercise testing? |
|
Definition
recent change in resting ECG
unstable angina
uncontrolled cardiac dyrhythmias
aortic stenosis
uncontrolled heart failure
pulmonary infarction
acute myocarditis
known aneurysm
actue systemic infection |
|
|
Term
| what are the relative contradictions to exercise testing? |
|
Definition
left main coronary stenosis
stenotic valvular heart disease
electrolyte abnormalities
severe hypertension at rest
tachydysrhthmia
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
high-degree atrioventricular block
ventricular aneurysm
uncontrolled metabolic disease
chronic infectious disease
mental or physical impairment |
|
|
Term
| what is the criteria for the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
body weight
insulin resistance
dylipidemia
elevated BP |
|
|
Term
| what is body weight as a criteria for the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
BMI greater than 30
or
waist girth greater than 102cm in men and 88cm in women |
|
|
Term
| what is insulin resistance as a criteria for the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
IFG greater than 110
IDF greater than 100 |
|
|
Term
| what is dyslipidemia as a criteria for the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
HDL less than 40
LDL greater than 150 |
|
|
Term
| what is elevated BP as a criteria for the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| according to the WHO SBP greater than 140 or DBP greater than 90 |
|
|
Term
| what are the general indications for stopping an exercise test? |
|
Definition
onset of angina
drop in SBP
shortness of breath
sings of poor perfusion
failure of HR to increase with increase in intensity
subject requests to stop
failure of testing equipment |
|
|
Term
| what is lactic acid a byproduct of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of the lactate threshold? |
|
Definition
| the highest VO2 that can be attained during incremental exercise before an elevation in blood lactate is observed |
|
|
Term
| when does the lactate threshold occur? |
|
Definition
| just before the curvilinear increase in blood lactate observed |
|
|
Term
| when you take a blood sample during a lactate threshold test, what are you looking for? |
|
Definition
| how much lactate is being produced and how well is the body clearing the lactate being produced |
|
|
Term
| T/F up until the subject reaches the lactate threshold, their body is in homeostasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the upper limit of sustained aerobic activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of VO2 max what is the upper limit of sustained aerobic activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how is lactate threshold usually expressed?
how can it be expressed? |
|
Definition
usually in terms of % of VO2 max
can be expressed in watts, HR |
|
|
Term
| what is Dr.Zs definition of lactate threshold? |
|
Definition
| point prior to a non-linear increase in lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| does it make a difference in how long each stage of the test lasts? |
|
Definition
yes,
with a longer stage, the lactate will be higher |
|
|
Term
| T/F lactate is an independent factor in each stage. |
|
Definition
| false, lactate is dependent on each stage due to the time delay |
|
|
Term
| what is the goldielocks principle? |
|
Definition
| when in doubt of how hard to make the test protocol for an individual, ALWAYS go lighter |
|
|
Term
| explain what an intermittent protocol is. |
|
Definition
| where the subject will complete a stage and then take a short break where a blood sample will be taken and then the next stage will begin |
|
|
Term
| what is the minimum time length of each stage? why? |
|
Definition
| at least 3 minutes, because this is the amount of time that steady state has been shown to occur |
|
|
Term
| why will lactate sometimes decrease at the beginning of a test? |
|
Definition
| the individual is in such good shape that lactate clearance exceeds lactate production |
|
|
Term
| what is the best way to rid the body of lactate after high intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
| continuing to move around and perform low intensity exercise because it actually consumes more lactate rather than just laying down or getting a massage |
|
|
Term
when an initial lactate threshold test is done before an exercise training protocol, what is expected to be seen if the training is working?
what are the causes of these shifts? |
|
Definition
there should be a downward shift or an shift to the right
either lactate clearance is better or production is less or both |
|
|
Term
| at the beginning of the test, the downward shift is contributed to_____, where as at high intensities the shift is due to_________. |
|
Definition
producing less lactate
clearance of the lactate is better |
|
|
Term
| T/F the cardiovascular health benefits of regular exercise far outweigh the risks of exercise for the general population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced perfusion of the brain |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of exercise screening? |
|
Definition
optimize safety during exercise testing
aid in the development of a safe and effective exercise Rx |
|
|
Term
| why is it important to do CVD risk factor assessment before engaging in an exercise program? |
|
Definition
| important to make decisions about the level of medical clearance, the need for exercise testing and the level of the supervision for exercise testing and exercise program participation |
|
|
Term
| when is the risk of an exercise-related event greatest? |
|
Definition
performing unaccustomed physical activity
vigorous exercise |
|
|
Term
| what is the minimal exercise screening that everyone should do before participating in an exercise program? |
|
Definition
| self-reported medical questionnaire |
|
|
Term
| what level of risk should you ask a physician prior to beginning a physical activity program? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F individuals at high risk should be routinely tested. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who should conduct the physical exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F raising HDL levels lowers you risk of heart disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FEV1/FVC is reduced when? |
|
Definition
| the airways is obstructed |
|
|
Term
| when is pulmonary function testing recommended? |
|
Definition
| if the subject is a smoker 45 years or older and anyone with presenting dyspnea, chronic cough, wheezing or excessive mucus |
|
|
Term
| what is a restrictive defect characterized by? |
|
Definition
| reduction in total lung capacity |
|
|
Term
| what should an informed consent have? |
|
Definition
purpose and explanation of the test
attendant risks and discomforts
responsibilities of the participant
benefits to be expected
use of medical records
freedom of consent
time to ask questions |
|
|
Term
| what should be done prior to the patient coming to the exam? |
|
Definition
have all the clients forms in a file
calibrate equipment
organize equipment so tests can follow in sequence
provide informed consent
maintain room temperature |
|
|
Term
| cardiorespiratory fitness is related to what? |
|
Definition
| the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise for prolonged periods of time |
|
|
