Term
| What is the definition of exercise physiology? |
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Definition
| The sub discipline of kinesiology that addresses the short term biological responses to the stress of physical activity and how the body adapts to repeated bouts of physical activity over time. |
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Term
| What are key differences between homeostasis and steady state? |
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Definition
Features of a steady state: Conditions are stable within the system Free energy is continuously put into the system Over time, the system is maintained in a higher state of order than its surroundings
Features of an equilibrium: Conditions are stable within the system Net free energy neither enters nor escapes the system Over time, any difference in entropy (state of disorder) between the system and the external environment tends to disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| used to denote a steady and unchanging level of some physiological variable. (heart rate) |
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Term
| What are the basic components of a cell? |
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Definition
| nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm |
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Term
| What are plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus and what they do. |
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Definition
cell membrane: barrier that separates cell from external environment.
Nucleus: contains cellular genetic components (genes)
Cytoplasm: fluid of cell between nucleus and cell membrane
Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, involved in oxidative conversion of food stuffs into usable energy. (ATP) |
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Term
| what are the cell signaling mechanisms? |
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Definition
intracrine: chemical messenger produced inside a cell that triggers a signaling pathway within the same cell that leads to a specific cellular response.
juxtacrine: intercellular communication that is transmitted via oligosaccharide, lipid, or protein components of a cell membrane, and may affect either the emitting cell or the immediately adjacent cells.
autocrine:cell structure which produces and releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular fluid that acts upon the cell producing the signal.
paracrine: signals that act locally on nearby cells to bring coordinated response.
endocrine:system which releases types of hormones directly into the bloodstream (some of which are transported along nerve tracts to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
| what is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed.
The total amount of energy is a loss thus the net result is negative. |
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Term
| what is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
An exergonic process is one in which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings.
the total amount of energy is a gain thus the net result is positive. |
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Term
| What are coupled reactions? |
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Definition
| linked, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being "used" to drive a second reaction. |
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Term
| What are enzymes? What do enzymes do? |
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Definition
| proteins that work as catalysts, by lowering activation energy. |
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Term
| name the 3 main nutrients in the body. |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
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Term
| which of the nutrients are metabolized to provide energy for exercise? |
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Definition
| Carbs and fats are metabolized to provide energy for exercise. |
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Term
| what is the role of ATP in the body? |
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Definition
| immediate source of energy for muscular contraction |
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Term
| What is the ATP-PC system? |
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Definition
| It is immediate and functions without oxygen. It allows for up to approximately 12 seconds (+ or -) of maximum effort. |
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Term
| What is glycolysis, what is its purpose? |
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Definition
| the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. |
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Term
| where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ultimate products of glycolysis? (I.E. number of pyruvate, NADH, net ATP) |
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Definition
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
and a net of 2 ATP |
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Term
| what are the two systems of anaerobic energy production? |
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Definition
| ATP-PC system and glycolysis |
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Term
| know factors regulating rate-limiting enzymes. |
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Definition
| Temperature and pH levels of a solution are factors which regulate rate-limiting enzymes. |
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Term
| What is the significance of aerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
| the production of ATP using O2 as the final electron acceptor allows for a far greater rate of ATP production |
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Term
| Where in the cell does aerobic metabolism occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Understand the purpose of NAD/NADH+H+ and FAD/FADH2. |
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Definition
| NAD+ and FAD transport hydrogens and their associated electrons to be used for later generation of ATP. FADH2 is FADH that has accepted a second hydrogen. |
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Term
| What reaction is catalyzed by phosphorylase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the r for Carbohydrate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LT is the point of a systematic rise in blood lactate during incremental exercise. Untrained is 50-60% VO2max trained is 65-80% VO2max. |
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Term
| What system is primarily used to produce ATP during high-intensity short term exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system is primarily used to produce ATP during Intense exercise lasting more than 20 seconds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system is primarily used to produce ATP during high intensity events? |
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Definition
| combo of ATP-PC, glycolysis, and the aerobic system with a 50/50 (anaerobic/aerobic) contribution needed for exercise lasting between 2 & 3 minutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximal oxygen consumption rate |
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Term
| Which nutrients are utilized at what levels of exercise? |
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Definition
| low intensity exercise uses fat as energy. high-intensity uses carbohydrates. |
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Term
| What are the basic components of a control system? |
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Definition
| control center, sensor, stimulus, effect. |
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Term
| how do most control systems work? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the reactants and products of teh creatine kinase reaction? |
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Definition
| reactants are PC and ADP, the products are ATP and C |
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Term
| Where does the creatine kinase reaction occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Reactants and products of the LDH reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| The simplest and most rapid method of production during exercise is through? |
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Definition
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Term
| The two most important hydrogen carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions is? |
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Definition
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Term
| A rate limiting enzyme in the aerobic synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria is? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 stages of aerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
formation of AcetylCoA from pyruvate
krebs cycle
electron transport chain |
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Term
| list the tally from the breakdown of a 16C fat which yields 106 ATP |
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Definition
16C gives 8 AcetylCoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2,
8 Acetyl coA will yield 24 NADH +8 FADH + 8GTP this will be a total of 31 NADH, 15 FADH, and 8 GTP. |
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Term
| How many ATP does 1 NADH provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP does 1 FADH provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP does 1 TTP provide? |
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Definition
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