Term
| what is the main role of respiration during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is respiratory compensation? |
|
Definition
| increase in ventilation with an increase in exercise intensity |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect respiratory compensation? |
|
Definition
decrease pH volume
decrease oxygen levels
increase carbon dioxide levels |
|
|
Term
| what receptors are activated with respiratory compensation? |
|
Definition
| chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies |
|
|
Term
| what are the two kinds of respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pulmonary respiration? |
|
Definition
ventilation
exchange of oxygen and CO2 in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what is cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| oxygen utilization and CO2 production by the tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the respiratory system during exercise? |
|
Definition
gas exchange between the environment and the body
regulation od acid-base balance during exercise |
|
|
Term
| what type of transport is pulmonary respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is oxygen brought into the body? |
|
Definition
partial difference between the body and environment
(lower in the body) |
|
|
Term
| how is carbon dioxide brought out of the body? |
|
Definition
partial difference between CO2 in the body compared to the environment
(lower in the environment) |
|
|
Term
| what does the body use oxygen for? |
|
Definition
final electron acceptor to accept hydrogen
transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Krebs Cycle (metabolism)
buffering system |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the lungs? |
|
Definition
means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body
ventilation
diffusion |
|
|
Term
| what are the means of gas exchange by the lungs? |
|
Definition
replacing O2
removing CO2
regulation of acid-base balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| what are the four types of cross membrane transport? |
|
Definition
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| explain passive diffusion. |
|
Definition
| the movement of molecules through permeable cell membranes from high to low concentration |
|
|
Term
| explain facilitated diffusion. |
|
Definition
| a protein carrier is required to move substances across membranes dependent on substance concentration |
|
|
Term
| substances are carried across membranes, requiring energy, not dependent on their concentration. what transport is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main difference between passive and facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| facilitated needs a protein carrier |
|
|
Term
| give an example of active transport. |
|
Definition
Na/K pump
in order to pump K into the cell |
|
|
Term
if you lose K due to leakage in the Na/K pump will the cell become more positive or negative?
what happens due to this? |
|
Definition
negative
cannot maintain resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances are encircled by the cell membrane and then internalized into the cell |
|
|
Term
| what cells use endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| marcophages - the first immune cell to fight infection |
|
|
Term
| what are the organs of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
nose and nasal cavities
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs and alveoli
diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major muscle of inspiration
when you inhale the diaphragm contracts |
|
|
Term
| what increase as the diaphragm contracts? |
|
Definition
| pressure in the abdomen, which increases venous return |
|
|
Term
| what is the conducting zone? |
|
Definition
| conducts air to respiratory zone |
|
|
Term
| what does the conducting zone do? |
|
Definition
| humidifies air, warms and filters air |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the conducting zone? |
|
Definition
trachea
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory zone? |
|
Definition
| where exchange of gases between air and blood occur |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the respiratory zone? |
|
Definition
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| what is a very important component of alveolar sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevent alveolar collapse
reduces tension of alveoli cell membrane to conserve energy during inflation and deflation |
|
|
Term
| what cells synthesize and release surfactant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does surfactant reduce surface tension? |
|
Definition
| by surrounding the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| how many alveoli provide gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how does movement of air occur?
hint:type of flow |
|
Definition
bulk flow
movement of molecules due to pressure difference |
|
|
Term
explain inspiration.
what occurs? |
|
Definition
diaphragm pushes downward (contracts)
ribs lift outward
volume of lungs increases
intrapulmonary pressure is lowered |
|
|
Term
explain expiration.
what occurs? |
|
Definition
diaphragm relaxes
ribs pulled downward
volume of lungs decreases
intrapulmonary pressure is raised |
|
|
Term
| T/F during inspiration-> increased chest pressure-> increased abdomen pressure |
|
Definition
false
decreased chest pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with the temperature and number of molecules held constant: volume is inversely proportional to pressure |
|
|
Term
| what if the temperature is held constant in Boyle's Law? |
|
Definition
| there is a negative relationship between pressure and volume |
|
|
Term
what is the formula for Boyle's Law?
p?
V?
n?
R?
T? |
|
Definition
pV=nRT
p=pressure
V=volume
n=gas mass
R=gas constant
T=temperature |
|
|
Term
| T/F high volume = lower pressure according to Boyle's Law. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Boyle's Law, as pressure increases what happens to volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the intrapulmonic pressure at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the intrapulmonic pressure during inhalation?
why does pressure decrease? |
|
Definition
758 mmHg
volume of the lungs increases |
|
|
Term
what is the intrapulmonic pressure during exhalation?
why does pressure increase? |
|
Definition
763 mmHg
volume of the lungs decreases |
|
|
Term
| does exercise training effect the properties of respiratory muscles? What type of exercise? |
|
Definition
yes they can become more oxidative during prolonged endurance and high intensity exercise
increase the number of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| do respiratory muscle fatigue during exercise? |
|
Definition
| before believed not to, but recent studies show that they do during prolonged exercise greater than 120 minutes and high intensity exercise between 90 and 100% max VO2 |
|
|
Term
| do respiratory muscles adapt to training? |
|
Definition
yes
increased oxidative capacity improves respiratory muscle endurance, which means reduced work of breathing |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for air flow? |
|
Definition
| air flow = P1-P2/Resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is resistance of airways determined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for Poiseulle's Law? |
|
Definition
R=8nl/3.14r^4
n=viscosity of inspired air
l=length of airway
r=radius of airway
R=resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is the main factor effecting air flow? |
|
Definition
| radius of the bronchial tubes |
|
|
Term
| T/F PO2 in the lungs is never greater than the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F PCO2 in the body is always greater than the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do alpha receptors do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we increase/decrease dilation and constriction of airways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the parasympathetic response in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic response in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of bronchiole dilation? |
|
Definition
| increase airway->decrease resistance to airflow |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of bronchiole constriction? |
|
Definition
| decrease airway-> increase resistance to airflow |
|
|
Term
| what is pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| movement of gas into or out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what is the product of tidal volume times frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can V (pulmonary ventilation) reach during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F all air reaches gas exchange areas. |
|
Definition
false
not all air reaches gas exchange areas |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when not all air reaches gas exchange areas? |
|
Definition
| dead-space ventilation (Vd) |
|
|
Term
| what is the air that reaches the alveoli called? |
|
Definition
| alveolar ventilation (Va) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.5L * 15 breaths/min = 7.5 L/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is vital capacity (VC)? |
|
Definition
| maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration |
|
|
Term
| what is residual volume (RV)? |
|
Definition
| volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is total lung capacity (TLC)? |
|
Definition
| amount of gas in the lungs after maximum inspiration |
|
|
Term
| what is tidal volume (TV)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the typical value of TV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a skin fold measurement and underwater weighing measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the typical value of VC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the typical value of TLC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formula of TLC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what does spirometry measure?
what is used to measure? |
|
Definition
measurement of pulmonary volumes and rate of expired air
spirometer |
|
|
Term
| what is spirometry useful for? |
|
Definition
| diagnosing lung diseases such as COPD |
|
|
Term
what does a spirometer test?
what is the formula? |
|
Definition
VC
forced expiatory volume
FEV/VC |
|
|
Term
| what is forced expiatory air? |
|
Definition
| volume of air expired in the first second during maximum expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is a normal FEV/VC ratio? |
|
Definition
greater than or equal to 80%
less than this is considered abnormal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a chronic disease and an inflammatory reaction
increase in bronchiole dilation |
|
|
Term
| which receptors increase bronchiole dilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a reversible narrowing of the airways called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a bronchospasm mean for asthma? |
|
Definition
| it can come and go, its not constant |
|
|
Term
| what causes a bronchospasm? |
|
Definition
the sudden attack by the release of substance from mast cells
causes the reduction of airway diabetes-> increase work of breathing and short of breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air pollution
smoke
virus
allergens
air temperature
humidity |
|
|
Term
| what will induce exercise induced asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do mast cells release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does exercise cause asthma? |
|
Definition
increase body temp->
warmer air in the lungs and colder air in the environment->
the colder, dry air comes into your lungs and trigger asthma->
causing a bronchospasm and secrete large amounts of mucus->
block your airways->
make air difficult to get out of lungs |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common time to see exercise induced asthma? |
|
Definition
| during or immediately after exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a constant narrowing of airways |
|
|
Term
| T/F because of COPD, increase airway resistance-> decrease expiratory airflow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COPD is a combination of what two factors that deal with smoking and family history? |
|
Definition
chronic bronchitis
emphysema |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between asthma and COPD? |
|
Definition
| COPD is constant narrowing where asthma comes and goes |
|
|
Term
| what is chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| a constant swelling of the breathing tubes and a constant production of mucus within airways |
|
|
Term
| chronic bronchitis causes |
|
Definition
| the airways to be blocked, which decreases normal amount of air into the lungs and decrease expiratory airflow |
|
|
Term
| what is a symptom that helps diagnose chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| continuous cough with mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that involves the alveoli of the lungs, where there is a decrease in elasticity of the airway, which causes the airway to collapse and increase airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is a symptom of emphysema that helps diagnose it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if alveoli collapse there is a increase in airway resistance but also a decrease in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for COPD? |
|
Definition
no cure
stop smoking
oxygen-replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
| what does a percent less than 80 indicate in spirometric tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who has normal lung function someone with a FEV/VC ratio of 93% or 33%? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is Fick's Law of Diffusion?
it says the the rate of gas transfer is proportional to the: |
|
Definition
1)tissue area
2)diffusion coefficient of gas
3) the difference in the parietal pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue
4) and inversely proportional to the thickness |
|
|
Term
what is the formula of Fick's Law of Diffusion?
V gas?
A?
T?
D?
P1-P2? |
|
Definition
V gas = A/T * D * (P1-P2)
Vgas= rate of diffusion
A=tissue area
T=tissue thickness
D=diffusion of coefficient of gas
P1-P2=difference between partial pressure of two sides of the tissue |
|
|
Term
| T/F according to Fick's Law of Diffusion, greater tissue area = less gas exchange. |
|
Definition
false
greater tissue area=more gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| T/F according to Fick's Law of Diffusion, thicker the tissue the more difficult it is to diffuse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for Dalton's Law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when in the mountains does partial pressure increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when in the mountains does the percent of O2, CO2, and N2 increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you calculate partial pressure? |
|
Definition
| % in air * 760 mmHg = partial pressure |
|
|
Term
what happens to the ambient air when it is inhaled?
what happens to oxygen? |
|
Definition
when we breath in ambient air, we warm it up and add water vapor
the causes the partial pressure of oxygen to decrease because it is diluted by water vapor |
|
|
Term
| what is the parietal pressure of oxygen in ambient air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the parietal pressure of oxygen in alveolar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the parietal pressure of oxygen in arterial blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F when you warm ambient air and add water vapor the partial pressure will decrease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major factors that induce exercise induced asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average FEV/VC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pulmonary circuit rate of flow? |
|
Definition
| same rate as systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| T/F pulmonary circuit has lower pressure than the systemic circuit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when standing, most of the blood flow is to the base of the lung, why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where does more blood flow to in the lung during exercise?
why? |
|
Definition
to the apex
bronchioles are at the top of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what molecule carries oxygen in the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of oxygen carried in? |
|
Definition
dissolved
bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what is the only form of oxygen that produces a partial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F oxygen bound to hemoglobin contributes to its partial pressure in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many molecules of oxygen can be transported with one molecule of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does oxygen combined with hemoglobin produce partial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of oxygen is dissolved and bound to hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
1% dissoved
99% bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many mL of oxygen does 1 g of Hb transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the amount of oxygen that can be transported per unit volume of blood is dependent on the Hb concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average oxygen content in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average oxygen content in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a female with 130g per liter of blood what is that in mL of oxygen per liter of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F females have more Hb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percent difference between males and females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vessels have greater PO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the direction of deoxyhemoglobin plus oxygen to oxyhemoglobin reaction is dependent on what? |
|
Definition
partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
affinity of oxygen to Hb |
|
|
Term
| is PO2 at the lung high or low? why? |
|
Definition
| high = formation of oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| is PO2 at the tissues high or low? why? |
|
Definition
| low = release of O2 to the tissues |
|
|
Term
| during exercise increase exercise intensity and duration more oxygen is required this causes what to happen to the saturation? |
|
Definition
decrease in saturation
more oxygen will more to working muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the percent saturation at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Hb brings oxygen to the tissue what does the percentage decrease too? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the high the partial pressure of oxygen the more oxygen binds to Hb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors effect the amount of oxygen to be released from Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F an increased pH lowers Hb-O2 affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a lower pH volume will cause the curve to shift to the right is this good or bad? why? |
|
Definition
good
try to enhance oxygen |
|
|
Term
| can exercise training delay curve shifting to the right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does an increase in exercise intensity cause a decrease in partial pressure of O2? |
|
Definition
| because there is less oxygen in the blood |
|
|
Term
| what we increase temperature what happens to the dissociation curve? |
|
Definition
| shifts to the right which is good for exercise performance |
|
|
Term
| how does temperature affect Hb-O2 affinity? |
|
Definition
| lowers with increased temperature |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs only use what nutrient as energy fuel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a by product of RBC glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| how does 2-3 DPG effect the dissociation curve? |
|
Definition
| result in a rightward shift |
|
|
Term
| when comparing trained and untrained individuals with 2-3 DPG what happens with the dissociation curve? |
|
Definition
| delayed shift to the right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is myoglobin most abundant? |
|
Definition
| in slow twitch muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| T/F Mb has a high affinity to oxygen than Hb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Mb and Hb do not hold the same amount of oxygen molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a special difference between Mb and Hb? |
|
Definition
| Mb is able to store oxygen because of the difference structure and low PO2. |
|
|
Term
| what factors cause the dissociation curve to shift to the left? |
|
Definition
decrease PO2
increase pH
decrease temperature
decrease 2-3 DPG |
|
|
Term
| what factors cause the dissociation curve to shift to the right? |
|
Definition
increase PO2
decrease in pH
increase in temperature
increase 2-3 DPG |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme changes CO2 into bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three forms of CO2 in the blood? what are the percentages? |
|
Definition
10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to hemoglobin
70% bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| T/F increased ventilation causes and increase in CO2 exhalation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased ventilation causes an build up of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when we increase air to the alveoli we will increase arteriole PO2. Most likely more O2 will be diffused at the same time causing what? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in arteriole PO2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the ratio of ventilation to perfusion at rest (under normal circumstances)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| will lung disease effect the 80% ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average L/min for ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average L/min for perfusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of air that reaches the alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when we increase the amount of blood to the pulmonary capillaries? |
|
Definition
increase cardiac output
increase the exchange of O2 and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the average cardiac output at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ideal ventilation/perfusion ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the ventilation/perfusion ratio indicate? |
|
Definition
| matching blood flow to ventilation |
|
|
Term
| in terms of perfusion, what is the apex of the lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of perfusion, what is the base of the lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the V/Q ratio during light and heavy exercise? |
|
Definition
light=improves ratio
heavy=ratio inequality |
|
|
Term
| what happens to ventilation at the onset of constant-load submaxiaml exercise in the PaO2 and PaCO2 in the artery? |
|
Definition
initially increases rapidly
then a slower rate towards steady state |
|
|
Term
| what happens to PaO2 and PaCO2 at the of constant-load submaxiaml exercise? |
|
Definition
| slight decrease in PaO2 and increase in PaCO2 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to venous PvCO2 during exercise?? |
|
Definition
| incrase CO2 mainly generated during energy metabolism |
|
|
Term
during exercise what changes in arterial blood?
PaO2?
PaCO2?
pH? |
|
Definition
PaO2=no change
PaCO2=no change
pH- no change or decrease |
|
|
Term
| during exercise what changes in venous blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
during exercise pulmonary blood flow?
cardiac output?
pulmonary blood flow?
V/Q? |
|
Definition
cardiac output=increase
pulmonary blood flow=increase
V/Q more in lungs |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the dissociation curve during exercise? |
|
Definition
shifts to the right
decreased affinity of O2 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to ventilation during prolonged sub maximal exercise in a hot/humid environment? |
|
Definition
| ventilation tends to drift upward |
|
|
Term
what happens in an untrained individual during incremental exercise?
ventilation?
PO2? |
|
Definition
ventilation:
linear increase to 50-75% VO2 max, the exponential increase
ventilatory threshold at about 50% VO2 max
PO2:
maintained within 10-12mmHg of resting value |
|
|
Term
| when the lactate threshold is reached what other threshold is reached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the ventilatory threshold cause? |
|
Definition
increase in CO2
respiratory compensation |
|
|
Term
| when does ventilation threshold occur in the trained athlete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to PO2 in a trained individual? why? |
|
Definition
decrease of 30-40 mmHg at near maximal work
V/Q mismatch
short RBC transit time in pulmonary capillary at high cardiac output |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease of PO2 at near maximal work |
|
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