1. cell membrane

2. nucleus

3.cytoplasm (sarcoplasm in muscle)

Exergonic: give off energy as a result of the chemical process

Endergonic: Require energy to be added to the reactants

Anabolic: synthesis of molecules

Catabolic: Breakdown of molecules

1. Carbohydrates (glycogen)

2. Fats (triglycerides)

3. Proteins (not a primary energy source during exercise

Type of Reaction:

Glucose to glycogen

Type of Reaction:

Proteins to Amino Acids

Type of reaction:

Triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids

Type of Reaction:

ADP and CP to ATP

Coupled Reaction...exergonic or endergonic:

Plants trap light energy and harness it to increase energy (sugar content)

Oxidation: removing an electron

Reduction: addition of an electron

Always coupled!

NAD: oxidizing

NADH: Reducing

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions.  Lower the energy of activation.

Temp and pH

1. Adenine portion

2. ribose portion

3.three linked phosphates

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1.PC- Phosphocreatine breakdown (anaerobic)

2.Glycolysis- degradation of glucose or glycogen (anaerobic)

3.Oxidative formation- use of oxygen (aerobic metabolism)

PC + ADP --> ATP +C

PC donates phospate group to ADP to form ATP

Where do anaerobic Pathways take place?

< 15 sec CP

<2 min Glycolysis

Continuous Oxidative Phosphorylation

 Breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form two molecules of pyruvic acid or lactic acid.  It transfers bond energy from glucose to rejoin Pi to ADP.  Occurs in Sarcoplasm.

Produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic/lactic acid.

Energy investment phase: where stored ATP must be used to form sugar phosphates. 

Energy generation phase:

1. Glucose is phosphorylated from ATP to activate the molecule C6-P

2.  Rearrangement and 2nd phosphorylation from another ATP P-C6-P

3. The 6 carbon molecule is split into two 3 carbon molecules G3P

4. the two G3P's get oxidized (removing H+). (NAD+ takes the electron to become NADH). Followed by another phosphorylation to make high energy BPG (two of them!)

5. ADP takes the high energized p bond to make ATP and 3PG (two of them each!) 

6. Water is removed, oxidizing, making 2 high energy PEP molecules

7. ADP takes the energy to make 2 ATPs

8. 2 Pyruvates is the end product.....if Oxygen is available...it will continue further breakdown in the mitochondria!!!

If it is slow...pyruvate is produced and moves into the mitochondria (Krebs Cycle)

If fast... lactate is produced and moves out of the cell into circulation

Krebs Cycle- complete the oxidation of substrates, NAD and FAD become hydrogen carriers, and NADH and FADH enter the ETC

Electron Transport Chain- oxidative phosphorylation, electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP, and H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water

1. pyruvate (3 C) gives C to oxygen to give off CO2.  Now it's acetyl CoA (2 C)

2. Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6 C)

3. Then a series of reactions to regenerate oxaloacetate and 2 molecules of CO2

Molecules synthesized from intermediates in the Citric Acid Cycle

1. Citrate

2. beta ketogluterate

3. succinyl coA

4. malate

5. oxaloacetate

Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates that make 

1. fatty acids and cholesterol

2.amino acids, nucleotides

3. heme

4. pyruvate

5. Glucose

effeciency of aerobic metabolism?

Net yield of ATP in aerobic metabolism

32 for 1 glucose

33 for one glycogen

1. Creatine Kinase

2.Phosphofructokinase

3.Iscitrate dehydrogenase

4. cytochrome oxidase

If the last cytochrome in the series remains reduced (still has hydrogen).

ETS requires continual ox-redox coupled reactions!