Term
|
Definition
Control of the internal environment
Voluntary control of movement
programming spinal cord reflexes
records and stores experiences (memory) |
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Term
| Organization of Nervous system |
|
Definition
(CNS)-Brain/spinal cord
(PNS)-sensory/motor divisions |
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Term
|
Definition
Afferent fibers
-receptors to CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
Efferent fibers
-CNS to effector organs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| send impulses to cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
| sends impulses away from cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
| contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another |
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Term
|
Definition
disease that makes myelin shealths breakdown
causes motor impairment |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmission of the impulse along the axon |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
the negative charge a cell has at rest
~-75 mV |
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Term
|
Definition
permeabillity of plasma membrane to ions
difference in ion conc. across membrane
(Na,K, Cl, Ca) |
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Term
|
Definition
maintains RMP
K tends to leak out of cell
2K in/3 Na out
powered by ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when a strong enough stimulus depolarizes the cell
Na channels open, Na leaks into cell (causes inside of cell to become positive) |
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Term
|
Definition
Cell returning to RMP
K SHOOTS out of cell
Na channels shut |
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Term
|
Definition
| Once nerve shoots, its sends signal the length of the axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transport neurotransmitters in packets |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small gap between presynaptic cleft and postsynaptic cleft |
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Term
|
Definition
Chemical messenger released from presynaptic cleft
binds to receptor and causes depolarization of postsyaptic membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
Excitatory post synaptic potentials
Causes depolarization
-Temporal and Spatial summation |
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Term
|
Definition
| summing several EPSP's from one presynaptic neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
| Summing from several different presynaptic neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential
causes hyperpolarization (more negative, harder to fire) |
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Term
|
Definition
Receptors that provide CNS with information about body position
Located in joints and muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Knowing where and how fast we are moving limbs |
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Term
| 3 types of joint proprioceptors |
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Definition
Free nerve endings
Golgi-type receptors
Pacinian corpuscles |
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Term
|
Definition
sensitive to touch and pressure
initially strongly stimulated, then adapt |
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Term
|
Definition
found in ligaments and around joints
similar to free nerve endings |
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Term
|
Definition
in tissues around joints
detect rate of joint rotation |
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Term
| Muscle Proprioreceptor's function |
|
Definition
| provide sensory feedback to nervous system |
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Term
| types of muscle receptors |
|
Definition
Muscle spindle
Golgi tendon organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responds to muscle length changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of muscle spindle that runs parallel to muscle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of muscle spindle that stimulates intrafusal fibers (alpha motor neuron) |
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Term
|
Definition
a stretch on a muscle causes a reflex contraction
Ex. Knee Jerk reflex |
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Term
|
Definition
Monitors force/tension development, prevents damage during excessive force generation
Stimulation results in muscle reflex relaxation (IPSP's to muscles)
Ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition may be related to strength gains (allows muscle to push limit further) |
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Term
|
Definition
Sensitive to changes in the chemical environment (H, K ions, CO2)
Provides CNS with info about Metabolic rate of muscle activity (needed in cardiovascular regulation) |
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Term
|
Definition
does not require brain receptors
reflex of muscle in response to sensory input |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opposite limb supports body during withdrawal of injured limb |
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Term
| Somatic motor division (PNS) |
|
Definition
| carries neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Term
|
Definition
Number of muscle fibers per motor neuron
Low ratio= more control
High ratio= more strength |
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Term
|
Definition
| Recruitment of more muscle fibers through motor unit activation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smallest motor units recruited first |
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Term
|
Definition
Type S- Slow
Type FR- Fast Fatigue resistant
Type FF- Fast, Fatigable |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Fast, fatigue resistant type |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Located in ear
Maintains general equillibrium and balance (head position
Sensitive to changes in linear and angular acceleration (stimulated by head movement)
eye movement during exercise |
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Term
|
Definition
many metabolic functions
cardiorespiratory control
Complex reflexes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Cerebral cortex and motor cortex
storage center |
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Term
|
Definition
Organ. of complex movement
Storage of learned experiences
Reception of sensory movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Motor control and voluntary movement |
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Term
|
Definition
Coordination of quick movements and posture
Feedback from proprioceptors |
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Term
| What does the Cerebellum connect to? |
|
Definition
Motor cortex
Brainstem
Spinal cord |
|
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Term
|
Definition
depletion of excitatory neurotransmitters in motor cortex
reduced motor output to muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain controls fatigue levels to prevent disruption to homeostasis |
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Term
|
Definition
Withdrawal reflex
spinal tuning |
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Term
|
Definition
| voluntary movement translated into correct muscle action |
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Term
| What controls motor function (3) |
|
Definition
Subcortical and cortical motivation areas
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Motor cortex through thalamus |
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Term
| Subcortical and cortical motivation areas |
|
Definition
| send a rough draft into movement plan |
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Term
| Cerebellum and basal ganglia |
|
Definition
covert rough draft into movement plan
cerebellum: fast movements
Basal ganglia: Slow, deliberate movements |
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|
Term
| Motor cortex through thalmus |
|
Definition
sends message down spinal neurons for spinal tuning to muscles
fine tuning from muscle receptors and proprioceptors |
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Term
| ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) |
|
Definition
Responsible for maintaining body's internal environment
2 divisions (sympathetic, parasympathetic) |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
Norepinephrine
Excites an organ |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
Acetylcholine
Inhibits an organ |
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Term
| How many muscles does the human body contain? |
|
Definition
over 400
40-50% of body weight |
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Term
| Function of skeletal muscle (3) |
|
Definition
Force production for locomotion and breathing
Force production for postural support
Heat production during cold stress |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| just below endomysium (bottom layer of connective tissue covering muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Play role in muscle growth and repair
More nuclei allow for greater protein synthesis
Important for adaptations to strength training |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm surrounding each nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain contractile proteins (actin and myosin) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
z line
m line
h zone
a band
I band |
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Term
|
Definition
storage sites for calcium
terminal cisternae |
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Term
|
Definition
| extend from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma |
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Term
|
Definition
| gap between neuron and muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What is released from the motor neuron to the motor end plate and why? |
|
Definition
Ach (acetylcoline)
causes an end-plate potential (EPP) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
end-plate potential
causes depolarization of muscle fiber |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| actin moves over myosin and crossbridges deliver power stroke to shorten muscle |
|
|
Term
| What happens to ATP during a contraction of muscle |
|
Definition
| Myosin ATPase breakes down ATP as fiber contracts |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
|
Definition
| Depolarization of motor end plate is coupled to muscular contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
Decline in muscle power output (lower force generation and velocity of muscle shortening)
2 types: high intensity, low intensity |
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Term
| High-intensity exercise muscle fatigue |
|
Definition
about 60 secs
build-up of lactate, H+, ADP, P, and free radicals lowers amount of cross bridges that can bind to actin |
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Term
| Long-duration exercise muscle fatigue |
|
Definition
2-4 hours in length
Build-up of free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, and glycogen depletion |
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Term
|
Definition
Spasmodic, involuntary muscle contrations
2 theories: Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory
Altered neuromusular control theory |
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Term
| Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory |
|
Definition
| water and sodium loss from sweating causes spontaneous contractions |
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Term
| Altered neuromusular control theory |
|
Definition
| abnormal activity in muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ fires motor neurons |
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Term
| Biochemical properties of muscle fiber types |
|
Definition
oxidative capacity
Type of myosin ATPase |
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Term
|
Definition
how much oxygen the muscle can receive
effected by:
number of cailllaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin |
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|
Term
| Contractile properties of muscle fiber types |
|
Definition
Maximal force production
Speed of contraction
Muscle fiber efficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| force per unit of cross-sectional area |
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Term
|
Definition
(Vmax)
Myosin ATPase activity |
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|
Term
| How can you type muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
Stain them with stain that detects ATPase
Lightest uses least O2, Darkest used most O2 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
slow twitch fibers
slow-oxidative fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Intermediate fibers
fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fast twitch fibers
fast-glycolytic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 50-50 fast and slow twitch fibers |
|
|
Term
| Power athlete fiber types |
|
Definition
| Higher percentage of fast fibers |
|
|
Term
| Endurance athletes fiber types |
|
Definition
| Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers |
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|
Term
| Isometric muscle contration |
|
Definition
Muscle exerts force without changing length
pulling against immovable object
Postural muscles |
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|
Term
| Isotonic (dynamic) muscle contraction |
|
Definition
2 types:
Concentric
Eccentric |
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Term
| Concentric muscle contraction |
|
Definition
muscle shortens during force production
going against gravity |
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Term
| Eccentric muscle contraction |
|
Definition
Muscle produces force but length increase
going with gravity
associated with mucle fiber injury and soreness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Contraction as the result of a single stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Latent period in muscle twitch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction period in muscle twitch |
|
Definition
Tension is developed
40 ms |
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|
Term
| Relaxation period in muscle twitch |
|
Definition
Lasts 50 ms
Release of muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| Why is their more speed of shortening in fast fibers? |
|
Definition
SR releases Ca at a faster rate
Higher ATPase activity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| More motor units or faster motor units = more force |
|
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Term
|
Definition
ideal length for force generation
increased cross-bridge formation |
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Term
|
Definition
muscle loss from aging
10% muscle mass lost between 25-50yrs
40% lost between 50-80years |
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|
Term
| What happens to muscle fiber types during aging |
|
Definition
| less fast twitch more slow twitch |
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|
Term
| What can delay age-related muscle loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid loss of muscle mass
50% of cancer patients
20% of cancer deaths |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Hereditary defects in muscle protein
loss of muscle fibers and weakness |
|
|
Term
| Duchene muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
most common in childhood
progression varies based on specific disease type |
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|
Term
| Force-velocity relationship |
|
Definition
at any absolute force, speed of movement is greater in muscle with higher percent of fast-twitch fibers
Maximum velocity of shortening is greatest at the lowest force (true for fast and slow twitch) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| addition of muscle twitches |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| individual contractions are fused in a sustained contraction |
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|
Term
| Factors of force generation during muscular contraction |
|
Definition
types and number of motor units recruited
initial muscle length
nature of motor units' neural stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
as speed of movement increases, peak force generated decreases.
amount of power generated by a muscle group increases as a function of movement velocity |
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|
Term
| Purposes of the cardiorespiratory system |
|
Definition
transport o2 and nutrients to tissues
Removal of co2 wastes from tissues
Regulation of body temperature |
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Term
| 2 major adjustments of blood flow during exercise |
|
Definition
Increased cardiac output
redistribution of blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Creates pressure to pump blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| carry blood AWAY from heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| exchange of o2 co2 and nutrients with tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right side of the heart
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs and returns oxygenated blood back |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Left side of heart
pumps oxygenated blood throughout body
brings deoxygenated blood back to heart |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Blockage in coronary blood flow results in heart muscle damage
exercise training protects against muscle and cell damage during it |
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|
Term
| Exercise training and heart |
|
Definition
Exercise is cardioprotective
less heart attacks
better survival rate during heart attacks
More capillaries means more blood can get around heart |
|
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Term
|
Definition
contraction phase
ejection of blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
relaxation phase
filling of blood |
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|
Term
| Exercise's effects on systole and diastole |
|
Definition
| decreases the amount of time spent in phases |
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|
Term
| Pressure changes in Diasole Cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
low pressure in ventricles
allows blood to come in |
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|
Term
| Pressure changes in Systole cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
High pressure in ventricles
pushes blood out |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| closing of aortic and pulmonary valves |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure during ventricle contration |
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Term
|
Definition
| pressure during cardiac relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure |
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|
Term
| MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) |
|
Definition
Average pressure in the arteries
Diastolic BP + .33(Pulse Pressure)
Average is ~83 mmHg |
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Term
|
Definition
Blood pressure above 140/90mmHg
Risk factor for:
Left ventricular growth
atherosclerosis and heart attack
Kidney damage
stroke |
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Term
| Factors that influence Arterial Pressure |
|
Definition
Cardiac Output
Total Vascular resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
Output of blood per minute
Heart rate X Stroke volume |
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Term
|
Definition
How big arteries are
effects how much blood goes through them |
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|
Term
| Short term regulation of Blood Pressure |
|
Definition
sympathetic system
Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries |
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|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system effects on Blood pressure |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Increase in BP= decreased Sympathetic
Decrease in BP= increased sympathetic |
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|
Term
| Long term regulation of Bloop pressure |
|
Definition
| controlled by kidneys (controls volume of blood in body) |
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|
Term
| What does contraction of heart depend on |
|
Definition
| Electrical stimulation of the myocardium |
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|
Term
| Conduction system in heart |
|
Definition
SA node (sinoatrial)
AV node (atrioventricular)
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| pacemaker, initiates depolarization in heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
passes depolarization to ventricles
brief delay (AV delay) to allow ventricles to fill with blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| splits the branches of heart nerves to the left and right ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| superhighway of heart nerves that go throughout ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
Records the electrical activity of heart
indicates abnormalies to find heart disease of malfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricle depolarization and atrial repolarization |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
| How long is the normal heart electrical cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of Oxygen to heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does a ST segment depression mean? |
|
Definition
| suggests myocardial ischmemia |
|
|
Term
| What pressure increases during exercise? |
|
Definition
| Systolic pressure increases |
|
|
Term
| How can blood pressure be increased? |
|
Definition
increase in blood volume
increase in heart rate
increase in blood viscosity
increase in stroke volume
increase in Vascular resistance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of Heart beats per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of blood ejected per beat
regulated by:
EDV
Blood Pressure
Strength of ventricle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
Via vagus nerve
Slows HR by inhibiting SA and AV node |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
via cardiac accelerator nerves
increases HR by stimulating SA and AV nodes |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic withdrawl |
|
Definition
first step when heart starts to increase
raises heartbeat to ~100 beats/min
need sympathetic stimulation to get more BPM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduce heart rate and workload on heart
decrease HR during exercise |
|
|
Term
| EDV (end diastolic volume) |
|
Definition
Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
Dependent on venous return
"pre-load" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greater EDV results in more forceful contraction
due to stretch of ventricles
"Rubber Band" |
|
|
Term
| What is Venous return increased by? |
|
Definition
Vasocontriction (Sympathetic stimulation)
Respiratory pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes in pressure in chest cavity due to volume of lungs
Increased volume of lungs= decrease in pressure |
|
|
Term
| What happens when venous return is increase? |
|
Definition
Increase in stroke volume
More EDV
increase in blood volume that can push out of heart |
|
|
Term
| how long can stroke volume be increase? |
|
Definition
only until heart rate is 40% of max
blood doesn't have enough time to rush in
HR must increase after |
|
|
Term
| What does a increase in MAP mean? |
|
Definition
A decrease in stroke volume
An increase in "Afterload" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liquid portion of blood
contains ions, proteins, and hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in preventing and fighting infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important particles in blood for clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % of blood composed of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right atrial pressure / resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportional to the difference between MAP and right atrial pressure |
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|
