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| the study of how our bodies' structures and functions are altered when we are exposed to acute and chronic exercise |
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| smooth muscle, visceral muscle, cardiac muscle |
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| structure withing skeletal muscle that spreads the nerve impulses rapidly throughout individual myofibrils |
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| specialized network of membranous tubules that stores calcium ions in a muscle fiber |
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| pimary contractile proteins in muscle |
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| a single motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers that it supplies |
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| substance released at the neuromuscular junction |
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| interact with calcium ions on the actine filaments when released from the sarcolplasmic reticulum |
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| active binding sites to which myosin cross-bridges attach during muscle contractions |
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| Muscle contraction requires energy |
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Definition
- ATP provides this energy to activate the myosin cross-bridges before binding with actin
- ATP provides the energy leading to relaxation between myosin heads and the binding sites
- The energy provided by the breakdown of ATP requires ATPase
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| contain are relatively small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity |
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| What is true concerning muscle fiber type? |
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Definition
- slow-twitch fibers rely mainly on aerobic metabolism for energy
- the distribution of muscle fiber types within an individual's muscles is determined primarily by the person's genetic makeup
- all the fibers of a given motor unit are of the same fiber type
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| supplies the energy required for muscle contraction |
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| the tilting myosin head during the contraction of a muscle fiber |
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| order type of fiber recruitment with increasing muscular force (light to maximal) |
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| Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx |
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| contraction in which a muscle is capable of producing its greatest force |
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| the sum of all energy transformations (chemical reactions) in the body |
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- growth and repair of tissues
- active transport of substances across cell membranes
- muscle contraction and force production
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| carbohydrate as an energy source |
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| the higher the intensity of the exercise, the more the body relies on this source of energy |
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| roles of fat, carbohydrate, and protein as energy sources for cellular metabolism |
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Definition
| fat cannot provide all of the energy required for high-intensity muscular activity |
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| making of new glucose from a noncarbohydrate source |
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| the process of converting ADP to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group |
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| protein can supply about 5 to 10% of the total energy needed during this type of exercise |
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Definition
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| intracellular stores of ATP and PCr are sufficient to support maximum muscular effort for this amount of time |
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| a high-energy phosphate compound that is used in the cell to resynthesize ATP |
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| primary energy source during a marathon |
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| the conversion of glucose into glycogen |
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| role of NAD and FAD in oxidative phosphorylation |
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| transport hydrogens to the electron transport chain by way of NADH and FADH |
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| composed of the brain and spinal cord |
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| the basic structural elemen of the nervous system |
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| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| the electrical charge difference between the negative charged particles on the inside of the cell with respect to the positive charge on the outside of the cell |
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resting membrane potential of a typical neuron
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| membrane voltage at which a graded potential becomes an action potential |
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| norepinephrine and acetylcholine |
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Definition
| two major neurotransmitters involved in regulating our physiological responses to exercise |
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| site of impulse conduction from a neuron to a muscular fiber |
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| excitatory neural impulse |
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Definition
| type of impulse from one neuron is transmitted to a second neuron, the impulse causes depolarization of the second neuron |
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| myelinization and axon diameter |
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| the speed of a neural impulse is dependent on |
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| the lower part of the brain that is made up of bundles and tracts of nerves traveling down to the spinal cord and composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata |
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| nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the central nervous system |
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| nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system and toward the organs |
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| using an insulated, airtight chamber with walls containing copper tubing through which water is passed to assess total body energy expenditure |
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| technique for metabolic rate measurement and involves the measurement of metabolic oxygen consumption |
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| respiratory exchange ration (RER) |
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| ratio between the amount of CO2 released and the amount of O2 consumed during metabolism |
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| the minimal 24-hour energy expenditure for basic body functions |
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| age, body temperature, hormones |
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| factors affecting total daily energy expenditure |
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| lean body mass, resting metabolic rate, energy expended during physical activity |
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| best indicator of cardiorespiratory endurance |
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Definition
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| maximal oxygen uptake for 20-year-old females |
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| amount VO2max decreases by per year after the age of 25 |
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| oxygen consumed postexercise that is above and beyond what would have been consumed had the subject rested for the same time period |
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| efficient runners tend to use _____ oxygen when running at a given speed, compared to inefficient runners |
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Definition
- subject's diet
- fiber type of the muscle involved
- subject's fitness level
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| glycogen depeletion and hypoglycemia |
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| cause fatigue in a marathon runner |
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| increasing the intensity of the exercise generally increases the use of _______ as the preferred fuel |
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Definition
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| functions of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
- delivery of oxygen and other nutrients
- removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste
- thermoregulation
- maintenance of acid-base balance and overall body fluid balance
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| primary function of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| ensuring that there is adequate blood flow throughout the circulation to meet the metabolic demand of the tissues |
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| circulation originating from the left side of the heart |
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| circulation ongoing from the right side of the heart |
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| major artery returning blood to the heart |
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| pumping chambers of the heart that deliver blood to the lungs and body tissues |
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| valve that blood passes through from the left atrium into the left ventricle |
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| heart receives its nervous control from |
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Definition
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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| is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries |
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| normal "pacemaker" of the heart |
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| heart's main nutrient blood supply is provided via |
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| right and left coronary arteries |
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| vagus nerve is under ________ control and functions to ________ heart rate |
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Definition
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| an increase in heart rate that occurs before competition is due to |
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| increase in sympathetic nervous stimulation |
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| recording of the heart's electrical activity |
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| represents repolarization of the ventricles |
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| depolarization of the atria |
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| depolarization of the ventricles |
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| resting heart rate below 60 bpm |
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| resting heart rate above 100 bpm |
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| volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x SV) |
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| volume of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction |
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| phase of the cardiac cycle that reflects diastolic pressure |
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| volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of ventricular filling |
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| blood flow during exercise |
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| shunted toward exercising tissue |
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| ratio of formed elements in the blood (red cells, white cells, and platelets) to the total blood volume |
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| average hematocrit for a human |
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| oxygen-carring function of the blood |
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| white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets |
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| "formed elements" of the blood |
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| increased blood viscosity |
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| an increase in red blood cells without an equivalent increase in plasma volume |
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| the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute |
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| exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood |
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| exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the metabolically active tissues |
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| the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a given breath |
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| largest volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration |
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| amount of remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration |
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| major portion of oxygen that is transported in the blood |
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| principally how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood |
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| percentage of saturation in arterial blood under resting conditions |
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Definition
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| factors associated with dissociation of oxygen from red blood cells |
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Definition
| increased PO2 gradient, increased acidity, decreased pH, increased temperature |
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| myoglobin in skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| transporter of oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria |
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| cardiorespiratory endurance training |
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Definition
causes:
- increase in size of left ventricular chamber
- increase in thickness of myocardial wall
- decrease in resting heart rate due to increased vagal tone
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| decrease in resing HR due to endurance training results |
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| increase vagal tone and increased stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system |
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| formula for the decrease in maximal heart rate that occurs with age |
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Definition
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| pattern demonstrated by steady-state heart rate during light to moderate submaximal exercise |
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Definition
| gradual increase and platueaus in 2 to 3 minutes |
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| heart rate adaptations due to cardiorespiratory endurance training |
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Definition
| decreased resting HR and a lower steady-state HR for the same absolute workload before training AND a decreased resting HR and and unchanged or slightly reduced maximal HR |
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| cardiovascular adaptation |
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Definition
occurs when:
- the same amount of work can be accomplished in less time
- the same amount of work can be accomplished with less physiological disruption
- more total work can be completed
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| submaximal exercise tests can be used to estimate aerobic capacity based on |
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| the linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption |
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| resting stroke volume ______ in the supine position |
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| maximal stroke volume is attained at |
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| an increase in end-diastolic volume increases SV of the heart |
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| factors associated with an improved stroke volume at rest and during exercise as a result of cardiorespiratory endurance training |
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| increased blood volume, increased ejection fraction, increased cardiac contractility |
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| During exercise, the Frank-Starling mechanism appears to have its greatest influence at ____ exercise intensities and contractility has its greatest effects at _____ exercise intensities |
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Definition
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| During a graded exercise test, you would expect to see systolic blood pressure _______ while diastolic blood pressure _________. |
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| rise lineraly; changes very little |
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| at very high heart rates during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may decrease because of |
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Definition
| inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening diastole |
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| the initial increase in heart rate up to about 100 bpm is mediated by _____, and further increases in heart rate are mediated by ______ |
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Definition
| decreases or withdrawal of vagal tone; increases in stimulation of sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| forced exhalation against a closed glottis |
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| valsalva maneuver may cause |
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| reduced venous return, increased pressure in the chest cavity, and dizziness and fainting |
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| the _____ nervous system causes a shunting of blood from the ____ circulation to facilitate exercise demands |
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| observed during prolonged, heavy submaximal exercise; moderate exercise in high temperatures; prolonged exercise at intensities greater than 70% VO2max |
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| underlying cause of exercise-dyspnea |
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Definition
- an inability to adjust breathing to blood PCO2 and H+
- often related to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles
- fatigue of respiratory muscles and the inability of the body to reestablish normal homeostasis
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ability to hold your breath longer during swimming after a period of hyperventilation due to
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| decreased carbon dioxide in the blood |
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| ventilatory regulation appears to be most sensitive to this chemical stimuli |
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Definition
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| the drive to breathe is ___ sensitive to _____ levels of carbon dioxide and changes in pH rather than low levels of oxygen |
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Definition
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| ventilatory breakpoint during exercise of progressively increasing intensity |
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Definition
- is the point at which there is a disproportionate increase in ventilation
- reflects the respiratory response to increased carbon dioxide levels
- is the result of oxygen delivery no longer matching oxygen demand
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| estimating lactate threshold |
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Definition
| identifying that point at which the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen starts to increase while the ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide continues to decline |
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| group of individuals that is most likely to experience exercise-induced hypoxemia during exercise |
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Definition
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| does not generally limit performance in healthy individuals |
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Definition
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| tolerable limits for arterial blood pH |
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Definition
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| recovery of blood lactate to resting levels is facilitated by |
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| continued low-intensity exercise |
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| maximal amount of force that a muscle or muscle group can generate |
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| functional measurement of strength |
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Definition
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| ability to perform repeated muscular contractions over time |
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| determining the maximal number of times an individual can lift a weight representing 70% of his or her 1 RM |
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| if 2 individuals possess the same strength, if subject A requires less time to move the same load the same distance as subject B, then subject A has |
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Definition
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| graded exercise test to exhaustion |
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| best indicator of aerobic power |
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| best indicator of anaerobic capacity |
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| no universally accepted lab test |
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| body adapting to gradual increase in the amount of exercise |
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Definition
- requires a progressive increase in the intensity of a workout over the course of training as fitness capacity improves
- describes a condition in which a tissue or organ must work against a load that it is not accumstomed to
- describes the need to increase the load in exercise to cause further adaptation of a system
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| first phase in strength and power periodization |
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Definition
- high volume and low intensity
- many reps and many sets
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| during phases I to IV in strenght and power periodization |
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Definition
| volume is decreased and intensity is increased |
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Definition
| a muscular contraction where there is tension while the joint does not move |
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| focus of phase V in strength and power periodization |
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Definition
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| a muscle action in which there is tension developed while the muscle lengthens |
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| variables manipulated in interval training programs |
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Definition
- number of sets and reps
- rest period or recovery period
- distance of the exercise interval
- speed of the exercise interval
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| a marathoner should spend the majority of her training time in activities |
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Definition
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| focus of phase I in strength and power periodization |
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Definition
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| focus of phase II in strength and power periodization |
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