Term
| What 5 hormones work together to oppose insulin? |
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Definition
| Glucagon, cortison, epinerphrine, norepinephrine and growth hormone. |
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Term
| What is the main action of glucagon? |
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Definition
| It spares plasma glucose by stimulating lipolysis |
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Term
| What are the positive stimuli for growth hormone? |
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Definition
| Exercise intensity and low plasma glucose. |
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Term
| How does growth hormone spare plasma glucose? |
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Definition
| Blocks glucose entry to peripheral tissue and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver using amino acids as substrate. |
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Term
| How does growth hormone facilitate the use of fat? |
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Definition
| Mobilizes FFAs in adipose cells and stimulates lipolyusis and lipid oxidation. |
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Term
| Growth hormone has the ability to play a role in recovery. Why can GH do this and other hormones can’t? |
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Definition
| It has a long halflife. It lasts 7 times longer than cortisol, so this prolonged effect allows it to take part in the recovery process. |
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Term
| Describe the actions of GH at high levels of intensity. |
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Definition
| They may be redundant, because cortisol comes into effect at high levels of intensity. Cortisol is also much stronger than GH, so the action of cortisol predominates even though both hormones are present. |
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Term
| Release of GH is related to exercise intensity and is important in recovery from high intensity exercise. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do steroid hormones work? How does this compare to how other hormones work? |
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Definition
| They enter the nucleus to change protein synthesis; so they’re slower acting than some others. Other hormones bind to the cell surface and activate a second messenger in the cell, which is much faster than changing cell proteins in the nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the connection between the cortex and cortisol? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus releases CRH -à Anterior pituitary, which releases ACTH à Adrenal cortex à Cortisol release |
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Term
| What is the main role of cortisol? |
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Definition
| Maintains plasma glucose. |
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Term
| What are the stimuli for cortisol? |
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Definition
| Stress (anxiety, or physical stress), and hypoglycemia during exercise |
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Term
| What are the negative impacts of using cortisol supplements? |
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Definition
| Causes type 2 muscle atrophy, suppresses immune system, and causes osteoporosis. |
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Term
| How does cortisol work? (what are it’s effects) (3 major) |
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Definition
| Catabolizes protein, mobilizes FFAs from adipose tissue, and blocks the putake of glucose to force use of FFAs. |
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Term
| When cortisol stimulates protein catobolism, it affects only one type of muscle fiber. Which type? |
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Definition
| Type 2. It leaves type 1 alone. |
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Term
| Is cortisol affected by exercise intensity? |
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Definition
| YES. The more intense the exercise, the more cortisol is released. |
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Term
| What cells in the pancrease release insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the alpha cells in the pancreas release? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main effect of insulin? |
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Definition
| Stimulates uptake of glucose and inhibits lipolysis |
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Term
| What are the positive stimuli for insulin release? (3) |
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Definition
| Increased plasma glucose, increased amino acids, and decreased parasymptathetic stimulation. |
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Term
| Why does parasympathetic stimulation trigger insulin release? |
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Definition
| Because it’s a fight or flight function. Increased parasympathetic function leads to decreased insulin. |
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Term
| What “turns off” insulin secretion? Why? |
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Definition
| Low plasma glucose – to avoid hypoglycemia. |
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Term
| What effect does increased sympathetic stimulation have on insulin levels? |
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Definition
| Leads to increased insulin. |
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Term
| What effect does increased parasympathetic stim have on insulin levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does decreased sympathetic stimulation have on insulin levels? |
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Definition
| Increases insulin levels. |
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Term
| How does the Glut 4 transmitter work? |
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Definition
| During exercise/muscle contraction, the rise of glut 4 to the surface of the cell is increased. From there, the glut 4 transmitter can bind with glucose and bring it into the cell from the blood. |
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Term
| What are the 7 general effects of glucose that promote storage of glucose and lipids? |
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Definition
| 1.Increases uptake of glucose by cells (liver, muscle and adipose), 2. Promotes formation of glycogen in liver and muscle, 3. Promotes formation of triglycerides into adipose tissue, 4. Inhibits liver glucose release and glycogenolysis, 5. Inhibits FFA release from adipose tissue 6. Inhibits lipolysis and lipid oxidation in muscle, 7. Promotes uptake of amino acids, and protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the alpha cells in the pancreas. |
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Term
| What does glucagon do? (2 major things) |
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Definition
| Mobilizes glucose in the liver to the blood stream at low glucagon concentrations. This stimulus for more glucose productio nand storage in the liver. It also stimulates gluconeogenesis at high glucagon concentrations via the cori cycle and glucose-alanine cycle. |
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Term
| Are epinephrine and norepinephrine affected by exercise intensity? |
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Definition
| Yes. Increased ex. Intensity à increased epi and norepi release. |
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Term
| What is the main role of epi/norepi? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does epinephrine have more of an effect on lipids or carbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does norepi have more of an effect on lipids or carbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio of norepi to epi that is released from the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there more epi or norepi in circulation? How? |
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Definition
| There is more norepi in circulation, because there is only ¼ the norepi released from the adrenal medulla, as there is epi, more norepi leaks out of neural synapses to the blood stream. |
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Term
| What is more important : epi or norepi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is positive stimulation for epi/norepi? |
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Definition
| Increased exercise intensity, and low plasma glucose. |
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Term
| What are the effects of epi/norepi in adipose tissue, and which has a more prodominent effect here? |
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Definition
| Effects are mainly caused by norepi, and it stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue and mobilizes FFAs to spare blood glucose.s |
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Term
| What are the effects of epi/norepi in muscle tissue, and which has a more prodominant effect here? |
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Definition
| Epi has the most effect in muscle tissue, and it promotes glycogenolysis, it helps in lactate production, which is a substrate for the cori cucle and it stimulates uptake of FFAs by muscle. |
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Term
| What are the effects of epi/norpi in liver tissue? |
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Definition
| Rapid glycogenolysis to put glucose in the bloodstream ofor muscles to use and to maintain stablization of blood glucose as tissues use it for energy. |
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Term
| What effect does epi/norepi have on glucagon? |
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Definition
| Increase in epi/norpi causes a relative increase in glucagon levels, which results in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. |
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