Term
| How does ATP release energy? |
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Definition
| By hydrolysis of the high energy phosphate bond. |
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Term
| What are the three mechanisms by which ATP can be resynthesized? |
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Definition
| Phosphagen system, Glycolysis, Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Term
| What do we use the phosphocreatine stores for? |
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Definition
| Quick bursts of energy, lasting 10 seconds or less. ie: golf swing, run to one end of the room |
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Term
| Is phosphocreatine is stable source of energy? |
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Definition
| No. That's why glycolysis is triggered at the onset of phosphocreatine use. Glycolysis is a more stable form of energy. |
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Term
| What does resynthesis of phosphocreatine require? When does resynthesis occur? |
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Definition
Requires: ATP and O2 to resynthesize.
Occurs: only after activity, in the recovery phase. |
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Term
| The biologic work done by the phosphocreatine system is also known as what? |
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Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation. |
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Term
| Does the use of the phosphagen system require oxygen? |
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Definition
| No, but resynthesis of phosphocreatine does. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is NADH the oxidized or reduced form of NAD+? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3+ glucoses around a protein core |
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Term
| Describe the type of energy carbohydrates are used for, vs. the type of energy lipids are used for. |
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Definition
CARBS: Fast energy, because carbs can be broken down quickly.
LIPIDS: Slow energy, it takes longer to break down a lipid. |
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Term
| What are the two major sources of energy for our bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of glucose or glycogen |
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Term
| How many ATP will a single glucose molecule yield when it goes through glycolysis, only? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net yield of one glycogen molecule at the conclusion of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is faster? Carb or lipid metabolism? By how much? |
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Definition
| Carb metabolization is 2xs faster than lipid. |
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Term
| What is the only macronutrient that doesn't require O2 to generate ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of glycogen into glucose |
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Term
| How much of the energy from carb catabolism is useable for activity? |
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Definition
| 30%. The other 70% is dissipated as heat. |
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Term
| What are the important products of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does NADH doe to pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A rate-limiting enzyme used in glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| In Krebb's cycle, it gets turned into Acetyl Co-A |
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Term
| How does pyruvate get from muscle sarcoplasm to mitochondria? |
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Definition
| It couples with carnitine, which facilitates transport into the mitochondria. |
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Term
| Can substances other than carb catabolism products go through Krebb's Cycle? |
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Definition
| Yes, Glycerol, amino acids and fatty acids from lipid catabolism can also go through Krebb's. |
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Term
| What does Krebb's cycle provide? |
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Definition
| Energy to the ETC, via NADH and FADH. |
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Term
| Does Krebb's cycle directly require O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of 1 pyruvate/acetyl co-a that goes through Krebb's? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate can go through Krebbs, but it can also go to other places. Where else can pyruvate be used? |
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Definition
| In the liver, where it is turned into glucose, and it can combine with NADH to make lactate. |
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Term
| What does pyruvate combine with in Krebb's cycle to make Acetyl Co-A? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of FADH and NADH? |
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Definition
| They carry electrons to the ETC. |
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Term
| How many ATP do you get from Krebb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| So .. what were the end products of Krebb's again? (It's important!) |
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Definition
| 1ATP, 3 NADH, 1FADH. Oh yes, and 1CO2. |
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC? |
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Definition
| Oxygen. It combines with the 2e- and 2H+ to make H2O. |
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Term
| How many NADH does glycolysis produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP do you get out of NADH from glycolysis that goes through the ETC? Why is this different from the number of ATP you get from the NADH product of oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| 2 ATP are produced from the NADH product of glycolysis. The NADH from oxidative phosphorylation makes 3 ATP in the ETC. This is because the NADH from glycolysis has to be transported into the mitochondria from the muscle sarcomere, whereas the oxidative phosphorylation NADH is already right in the mitochondria. So Glycolysis NADH enters the ETC at the same level as FADH, resulting in only 2ATP. |
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Term
| If there is no O2 available at the end of the ETC, what happens? |
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Definition
| There is no final resting place for the electrons, and the ETC will slow and eventually stop. |
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Term
| Is the ETC an oxygen dependent system? How so? |
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Definition
| Yes. It needs O2 to collect the electrons at the end of the chain, otherwise the chain will stop. |
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Term
| How many ATP will the NADH from oxidative phosphorylation yield in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates glycolylsis? (4major) |
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Definition
| 1. Concentration of enzymes. 2. Amount of substrate 3. Negative Feedback System 4. Glucose delivery to cells |
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Term
| What enzymes help regulate glycolysis? (3major) |
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Definition
| PFK, Hexase, Phosphorylase |
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Term
| How does PFK regulate glycolysis? |
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Definition
| It's a rate limiting enzyme that increases the speed of the reaction. |
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Term
| How does Hexase regulate glycolysis? |
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Definition
| It facilitates movement of glucose into the cell, and the breakdown of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which can either go through glycolysis or be turned into glycogen. |
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Term
| How does phophorylase help regulage glycolysis? |
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Definition
| It breaks glycogen down to make it useable in the pathway. |
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Term
| How does the amount of substrate affect glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Fuel needs to be present in order for energy production to occur. If glycogen or glucose is scarce, it limits the amount of reaction that can take place. |
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Term
| Glycolysis is a negative feedback system. What things inhibit glycolysis? |
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Definition
| ATP stores - when they're high, glycolysis is inhibited because we can only store so much ATP. Creatine - but I don't know why. If you do, please let me know. Citrate - the body knows we have enough when this is present. When pH is low - because when things get acidic, it means we have a lot of H+ and glycolysis stops because H+ isn't being collected at the end of the ETC. |
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Term
| Glycolysis is a negative feedback system. What things stimulate glycolysis? |
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Definition
| AMP, ADP (if we have lots of ADP, the body wants to turn it into ATP), Pi and increased pH |
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Term
| Where is the Glut4 Transmitter located? |
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Definition
| Sarcolemma - in muscle and fat tissue. |
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Term
| Why is lactate a good thing? |
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Definition
| If Krebb's cycle and the ETC aren't running quickly enough, the NADH from glycolysis will not get the H+ removed from it. As a result it will combine w/ pyruvate to make lactate, which then leaks out of the cell. Without lactate, the ETC process would stop completely. |
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Term
| What happens to lactate once it is formed? |
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Definition
| It leaks from the cell and gets carried to liver where it is turned into glucose. |
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Term
| How is lactate used as an energy source? (2 major ways) |
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Definition
| In the recovery phase, NAD scavenges electrons from lactate to make NADH to go to the ETC. The pyruvate is then used to produce glucose via the Cori cycle in the liver. Lactate is also produced in fast twitch cells and is shuttled to other muscle cells, where it can be converted into pyruvate for krebb's cycle. |
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Term
| Is protein catabolism done aerobically or anaerobically? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When is protein used as an energy source? |
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Definition
| During long endurance activity, and heavy training. It will also be used in the absence of other substrate (fat, or carb) but it is never a primary choice for energy. |
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Term
| There are three ways that amino acids (proteins) can be used for energy. what are they? |
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Definition
| Direct entry into Krebb's Cycle, Converstion to pyruvate which --> glucoes which --> glycolysis, and conversion to acetyl co-a. |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of amino acids by taking away the amine and leaving you with acids. |
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Term
| What are triglycerides composed of? |
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Definition
| Free fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Term
| How do we get energy from FFA? |
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Definition
| They are turned into acetyl co-a to be used in krebb's. |
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Term
| Is fat catabolism aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most plentiful source of potential energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What has a higher energy yield than carbs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the lipid energy sources? (where do we get the lipids from that we use for energy?) (3 major places) |
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Definition
| 1. Triglycerides in muscle tissue, 2. Circulating triglycerides, 3 Circulating FFAs (mobilized from triglycerides in adipose tissue. |
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Term
| How many FFAs do you get from the breakdown of 1 triglycerid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Through what process are fatty acids converted to acetyl Co-A? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which FFAs are converted to acetyl co-a to enter krebs |
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Term
| How do we get energy from glycerol? |
|
Definition
| It enters glycolysis and replaces 3 phosphoglyceraldehyde. It is a slow process, and we don't get much energy from it. |
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Term
| How is fat metabolism stimulated? |
|
Definition
| Exercise and decreased intracellular FFA. |
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Term
| How does exercise increase fat metabolism? |
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Definition
| Increases epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagons, growth hormone, and these increase lipase via cAMP. |
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Term
| What things inhibit fat metabolism? (3) And how do they do it? (1 explanation for all 3 regulators) |
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Definition
| Insulin, lactate and ketones inhibit fat metabolism via inhibition of cAMP. |
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Term
| What yields more net energy, in terms of calories? Carbs or lipids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does beta oxidation occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of beta oxidation? what happens to it? |
|
Definition
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