Term
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Definition
| Protein Storage. Movement. contractile. ATP (energy) |
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Term
| List the functions of muscle tissue. |
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Definition
1. Locomotion
2. Breathing
3. Postural Support
4. Heat production
5. Venous return |
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Term
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Definition
| sending blood back to the heart through veins via muscle contraction. |
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Term
| List the 3 layers of connective tissue with in skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. Endomysium |
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Term
| What is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of connective tissue surrounds individual bundles of muscle fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The individual bundles of muscle fibers. |
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Term
| What is the name for the connective tissue with in the fascicle that surrounds each muscle fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane surrounding the muscle cell. |
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Term
| What do you call a network of membranous channels that run parallel to each myofibril? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Transverse Tubules? |
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Definition
| membranous channels that extend inward from sarcolemma. |
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Term
| What is in the myofibril? |
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Definition
| many "thread like" proteins that contain contractile proteins. |
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Term
| What is the name for thin filament? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for thick filament? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is Troponin and Tropomyosin located? |
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Definition
| On the thin filament (Actin) |
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Term
| What is the function of troponin and Tropomyosin? |
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Definition
| To regulate muscular contractions by controlling the interaction of Actin and Myosin. |
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Term
| What is the name for the site where the motor neuron and muscle cell meet? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. |
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Term
| How do nerves initiate the signal to begin muscular contraction? |
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Definition
| by an ion difference caused by Sodium. |
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Term
| What keeps sodium out of a muscle cell? |
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Definition
| Protein with in the membrane closes the gate. |
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Term
| What is resting Membrane Potential? |
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Definition
| At rest all cells are negatively charged (unequal distribution of charged ions) The cell is polarized. The charge difference is Resting Membrane Potential. 70mV |
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Term
| How does a muscle cell become positive? |
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Definition
| when a stimulation of sufficient strength reaches a neuron sodium gates open and Sodium enters the cell. |
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Term
| In a muscle cell, When is threshold reached and what happens? |
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Definition
| when a stimulation of sufficient strength reaches a neuron sodium gates open and action potential (nerve impulse) is formed and transmitted. |
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Term
| Explain the All-or-Nothing principal. |
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Definition
| Once a impulse has begun the impulse will move down the entire length of the axon with out a decrease in voltage. |
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Term
| What is the gap between the muscle and the nerve called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the motor end plate? |
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Definition
| pockets formed in the sarcolemma at the neuromuscular joint. |
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Term
| Where are the Synaptic vesicles located? |
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Definition
| On the end of the motor neuron. |
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Term
| What is in the Synaptic Vesicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a muscle cell, What is released when an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a muscle cell, what will calcium trigger the synaptic vesicles to release into the synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a muscle cell, what is the result of binding of acetylcholine the the sarcolemma? |
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Definition
| the opening of sodium channels. |
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Term
| What enters a muscle cell to cause depolarization and action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of muscular contraction called? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 7 steps of the Sliding Filament Theory. |
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Definition
1. Calcium binds to Troponin
2. Myosin ATPase breaks an ATP that was on the myosin head to be 'cocked'
3. The 'cocked' myosin head binds to the actin binding site forming a cross-bridge.
4. The myosin head then pulls the thin filament this is called a power stroke.
5. In order to break the cross-bridge a new ATP needs to bind to the myosin head.
6. Relaxation occurs as calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticlum.
7. When calcium is no longer bound to the troponin, tropomyosin once again blocks the actin binding site. |
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Term
| How do muscle cells accomplish Relaxation? |
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Definition
| When calcium is pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic Reticlum |
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Term
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Definition
| A single muscle fiber contracting. |
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Term
| What are two biochemical characteristics that determine fiber type? |
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Definition
1. Aerobic Capacity
2. Type of ATPase |
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Term
| What is the relationship between energy and the amount of mitochondria in a muscle cell? |
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Definition
| The more mitochondria a cell has, the more energy. The less mitochondria the less energy. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between energy and the amount of capillaries? |
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Definition
| The more capillaries, the more oxygen can be delivered. The less capillaries, the less oxygen can be delivered. |
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Term
| How is the type of ATPase actively related to the speed of muscular contraction? |
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Definition
High ATPase = Fast ATP breakdown = Fast contraction
If you can use the energy quicker you on the myosin heads you can contract quicker. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Slow Twitch Fibers? |
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Definition
More oxidative enzymes than other fibers
More capillary density
Higher concentration of myoglobin
Higher number of mitochondria. |
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Term
| What is the name and type of Slow Twitch Fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Fast Twitch Fibers? |
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Definition
Small number of mitochondria
Lower capillary density
Rich in Glycolitic enzymes
Myosin ATPase is higher than any other fiber= FAST |
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Term
| What is the name and type of Fast Twitch Fibers? |
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Definition
| Fast Glycolitic, Type II-x |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Intermediate muscle fibers? |
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Definition
They have charteristics of both fast and slow twitch fibers.
They adapt well |
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Term
| What is the name and type of Intermediate muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| Fast Oxidative, Type II-a |
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Term
| How do fiber types relate to performance? |
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Definition
Slow Twitch - endurance
Fast Twitch - Sprinting
Intermediate - adapt |
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Term
| What type of muscle fibers would you expect Power Athletes to have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle fibers would you expect Endurance Athletes to have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle fibers would you expect the average individual to have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would a muscle respond to a single stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of a Twitch? |
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Definition
1. Latent Period (after stimulus)
2. Contraction Period (40 millisec)
3. Reaction Period (50 millisec) |
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Term
| What do individual muscle fibers use to respond to a stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do fast twitch fibers contract faster than slow twitch fibers? |
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Definition
The Sarcoplasmic Reticlum in fast twitch fibers release calcium faster.
Fast twitch muscle fibers possess higher ATPase activity. |
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Term
| The force of a single muscle fiber is equal to... |
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Definition
| the number of myosin heads in contact with actin |
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Term
| The force of a single muscle fiber depends on what 3 things? |
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Definition
1. Number and type of motor unit recruited
2. Initial length of the muscle
3. Nature of the neutral stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| When muscles do not have time to relax between stimulation and force being added |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of individual forces in a twitch. |
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Term
| At any absolute force, velocity is greater in which muscle fiber type? |
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Definition
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Term
| At any absolute velocity, which type of fibers produce the greatest amount of force? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what point is greatest speed of movement generated? |
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Definition
| At lowest workloads in both fast and slow twitch fibers. |
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Term
| What are the two key points of the Power-Velocity Relationship? |
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Definition
1. Peak power generation is greater in Fast twitch (biochemical)
2. Peak power generation increases up to 200-300deg/sec |
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