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| Define the two subdivisions of the skeleton |
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| State the approximate number of bones in the adult body |
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| Explain why this number varies with age and from one person to another |
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| Some people have different number of bones, because some of the fused already or have not yet fused. Some very small bones may be absent as well |
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| define several terms that denote surface features of bones |
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| what bones are considered cranial? (8) |
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Frontal
2 Parietal
2 Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid |
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| what bones are considered facial? (14) |
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Nasal (2)
Mandible
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Maxillae (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer |
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| what are the cavities in the skull and where are they located? |
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Paired cavities in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary
Lined with mucous membranes and open into nasal cavity
Resonating chambers for voice
Lighten the skull
Sinusitis is inflammation of the membrane |
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| what are the sutures that join the bones of the skull |
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| lamdoid suture in back of head, squamous suture, around temporal bone, coronal suture in front of skull, sagittal suture deividing skull into left and right, |
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| Describe the developement of the skull from infancy through childhood |
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| when infant is born the cranial bones have not yet fused together, this process is usually completed in early childhood |
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| Joint Cavity (synovial cavity) |
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| Menisci (articular discs) |
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| explain what joints are, how they are named, and what functions they serve; |
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| name and describe the four major classes of joints; |
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| describe the three types of fibrous joints and give an example of each; |
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| distinguish between the three types of sutures; |
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| describe the two types of cartilaginous joints and give an example of each |
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| name some joints that become synostoses as they age |
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| name and describe six classes of synovial joints |
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Forms central supporting axis of the body
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid |
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Pectoral girdle
Upper extremity
Pelvic girdle
Lower extremity |
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| Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment |
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Tuberosity – Crest – Trochanter – Line - Tubercle
Epicondyle - Spine - Process |
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| Projections that help form joints |
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| Head – Facet – Condyle - Ramus |
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| Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass |
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| Meatus – Fossa – Groove – Fissure - Foramen (foramina) |
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| frontal bone (what belongs to it?) |
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Forehead, roof of orbits & anterior floor of the cranial cavity
Supraorbital margin and frontal sinus |
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| parietal and occipital bones (what belongs to it?) |
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Parietal
Sides & roof of cranial cavity
Occipital Bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
External occipital protuberance attachment for ligamentum nuchae |
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| temporal bone (what belongs to it?) |
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Temporal squama (thin, flat part),Petrous portion,Mastoid portion,Zygomatic process forms part of the arch,External auditory meatus,
Mastoid process,Styloid process,Stylomastoid foramen,Mandibular fossa
Carotid foramen
Jugular foramen
Internal auditory meatus |
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| sphenoid bone (what belongs to it?) |
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Base of skull
Pterygoid processes are attachment sites for jaw muscles
Body is cube-like portion holding sphenoid sinuses
Greater & Lesser wings
Optic foramen, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
Sella turcica |
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| what belongs to the ethmoid bone? |
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Cranial floor, lateral nasal walls & nasal septum
Cribriform plate & olfactory foramina
Crista galli is attachment for membranes covering the brain
Lateral masses contain ethmoid sinuses
Perpendicular plate is upper part of nasal septum
Superior & middle nasal conchae or turbinates |
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U-shaped bone
Articulates with no other bones
Suspended by ligaments and muscles from skull
Supports tongue and provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles |
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| describe features of a typical vertebra |
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Body - weight bearing
Vertebral arch
Pedicles
Laminae
Vertebral foramen
7 processes
2 transverse
1 spinous
4 articular
Vertebral notches |
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| Spinal canal is all vertebral foramen together |
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| what is a intervertebral foramen? |
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| Intervertebral foramen are 2 vertebral notches together |
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| typical cervical vertebra |
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Smaller bodies
Larger spinal canal
Transverse process
Shorter
Transverse foramen for vertebral artery
Spinous processes of C2 to C6 often bifurcated
1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique |
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| describe difference between atlas and axis |
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Atlas
ring of bone
Superior facets for occipital condyles
Provides for nodding movements (“yes)
Axis
Dens or odontoid process is body
Pivotal movements (“no”) |
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| typical thoracic vertebra |
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Larger and stronger bodies
Longer transverse & spinous processes
Facets or demifacets on body for head of rib
Facets on transverse processes (T1-10) for ribs
T11-T12 are floating ribs |
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Strongest & largest
Short, thick spinous & transverse processes
Back musculature |
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| characteristics of the sacrum |
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5 fused vertebrae (fused by age 30)
Median sacral crest with spinous processes
Sacral ala is fused transverse processes
Sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus
Auricular surface & sacral tuberosity of SI joint |
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| characteristics of the coccyx |
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Union of 4 vertebrae (fused by age 30)
Caudal or epidural anesthesia during delivery
Into sacral hiatus anesthetize sacral & coccygeal nerves
Sacral and coccygeal cornu are important landmarks |
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| Ribs (which ones are true, false and floating?) |
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1-7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)
8-10 are false ribs (vertebrochondral)
11-12 are floating ribs |
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Manubrium
1st and 2nd ribs
Clavicular notch
Suprasternal = jugular notch
Body
Costal cartilages of ribs 2-10
Xiphoid process
Ossifies by age 40 |
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| Abnormal curvature of the spine |
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Scoliosis - lateral bending
Kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve
Lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve |
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| characteristics of herniated disc |
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Protrusion of the pulpy center (nucleus pulposus)
Most common in lumbar region
Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain
Surgical removal of disc after laminectomy |
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| what makes up the pectoral girdle? |
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Consists of scapula and clavicle
Clavicle articulates with sternum
Sternoclavicular joint
Clavicle articulates with the scapula
Acromioclavicular joint
Scapula floats over back, held in place by muscles only
Upper limb attached to pectoral girdle at shoulder
Glenohumeral joint |
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