Term
| What are the main differences between wind and running water? |
|
Definition
less density
less viscosity
no confining channel
commonly more turbulent flow |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the three motion of particles? |
|
Definition
Bed load
suspended load
saltation-jump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all three motion of particles together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largest particle that's observed moving |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the three erosional features? |
|
Definition
1. deflation
2. desert placement
3. sand blasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lowering of the existing surfaces
- wind blows fine particles |
|
|
Term
| What are the five things that happen during desert placement? |
|
Definition
1. desert pavement formation begins with the wind blowing fne-grained materials into heterogeneous soil or sediment
2. during rainstorms, the fine, windblown sediments infilrate beneath the coarse layer of pebbles
3. Microbes living beneath the pebbles produce bubbles that help raise the pebbles & maintain their position at the surface
4. Overtime, these processes lead to thickening of the dust accumulating beneath pebble layer
5. a continued supply of wind blown dust makes the deposit thicker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wind fractured pebbles to ventifact
- the side the wind is coming from will be polished and the opposite side will be rough |
|
|
Term
| Sand dunes are considered to be what kind of features? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what conditions do Sand Dunes form? |
|
Definition
-availability of sand
-wide open area
-STRONG wind
-an obstacle (rock or vegetation) |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the early stage of sand dunes? |
|
Definition
| small sand drifts form in wind shadow |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the middle stage of sand dunes? |
|
Definition
| large but seperate form in wind shadow |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the final stage of sand dunes? |
|
Definition
| drifts coalsce into a dune |
|
|
Term
| How does a ripple or a sand dune advance? |
|
Definition
| by the movements of individual grains of sands |
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of sand dunes? |
|
Definition
Barchans
Blowout dunes
Transverse Dune
Longitudinal Dunes
Star Dunes |
|
|
Term
| What sand dune is crescent shaped? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a barchan dune the direction the horns of the crescent point mean what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Barchan dunes are the products of what? |
|
Definition
| limited sand supply and unidirectional winds |
|
|
Term
| Barchan dunes are usful to determine what? |
|
Definition
| the direction of the wind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reverse of barchans- THe slip face of a blow out ddone is convex downwind - shaped like a C if the wind is coming at it like <<<<< but is an opposite C is coming like <<<< |
|
|
Term
| What is a trasverse dune? |
|
Definition
| Long ridge oriented at right angles to the wind direction |
|
|
Term
| How to trasverse dunes form and where? |
|
Definition
| They form in regions where there is abundant sand and vegetation is absent- normally found around beaches |
|
|
Term
| What are longitudinal dunes? |
|
Definition
| long ridges of sand whose orientation is parallel to the wind direction |
|
|
Term
| What is needed for longitudinal dunes need to form? |
|
Definition
| moderate sand supply, a rough pavement, and winds that are always in the same general direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple changes of direction |
|
|
Term
| Where are star dunes found? |
|
Definition
| In Africa in the Sahara Desert |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of deserts? |
|
Definition
Hot Deserts
Temperate Zone Deserts
Cold Deserts |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a Hot Desert? |
|
Definition
| Sahara Desert, Australian desert, Kalahari desert |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a Hot Desert? |
|
Definition
| Typical Deserts- 0-30degrees Nother & 30-50 degrees south |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Temperate Zone Deserts? |
|
Definition
| Great Basin, Gobi,and Mojawe |
|
|
Term
| What are the reasons for the Temperate Zone deserts? |
|
Definition
Rain shadow
area is far away from water
orographic effect |
|
|
Term
| What are the latitude and longitude regions for the Temperate Zone desert? |
|
Definition
| 30-50 degrees nother and 30-50 degrees south |
|
|
Term
| What are the latitude and longitude of the cold deserts? |
|
Definition
| 50-90 degrees north and 80-90 degrees south |
|
|
Term
| What are the five desert characteristics? |
|
Definition
physical weathering is predominant
thin soil
deflation/desert pavement/ ventifacts/dunes
desert varnish- reddish brown coating
suspended sediments |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of glaciers? |
|
Definition
| valley glaciers and continential glaciers |
|
|
Term
| What are valley glaciers? |
|
Definition
| glaciers that move through valleys |
|
|
Term
| What are continental glaciers? |
|
Definition
| large piece of ice moving over the land (continents)- Greenland is an example |
|
|
Term
What steps does a glacier go through to form and how long does it take to form?
|
|
Definition
snow- 90% air
granular ice- 50% air
Firn- 20-30% air
glacier- 20% air as bubbles
It takes 15-20 years to form |
|
|
Term
| What happens it ablation is higher than accumulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens is accumulation and ablation are equal? |
|
Definition
| Ice front remains in the same position |
|
|
Term
| What happens if acculamation is higher than ablation? |
|
Definition
| Snow fall, snow turing to ice |
|
|
Term
| What happens if ablation is dominant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ablation and what are the three ways it can happen? |
|
Definition
loosing of ice
1. direct melting
2. iceburg caluing
3. sublimation- solid goes to gas |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for glaciers to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valley glaciers are also known as what... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alpine Mountains are an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanisms of glacial flow? |
|
Definition
plastic flow
basal flow
glacial surge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual ice crystals move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-whole thing moves as a unit
-slight melting at the base
-thin film of water
|
|
|
Term
| Where is basal slip common? |
|
Definition
| dominates in temperate regions where pressure of overlying ice melts water at glacier base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very rapid movement of glacier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where a glacier moves over steps in bed topography and where is curves around topographic |
|
|
Term
| How to valley glaciers typically move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are all of the glacier features? |
|
Definition
-U shaped valley
-Stration
-Hanging Valley
-Cirque
-Horn
-Tarn
-Fjond
-Arete |
|
|
Term
| What is the area between two valleys called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do cirque and aretes form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a U shaped valley created? |
|
Definition
| The glacier moving down from its cirque |
|
|
Term
| How are hanging valleys created? |
|
Definition
| WHen ice melts and retreats and tributary valleys are left as hanging valleys |
|
|
Term
| How are hanging valleys marked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the head of a glacial valley with nearly vertical upper walls and a flat or hollowed out base |
|
|
Term
| If a cirque is filled with water what is it called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of small lakes forming in the valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form because when glaciers melt they dont do it un uniform so the ice chunks melt at different times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a U shaped valley occupied by an arm of the sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterogeneous mix of sediments deposited during direct melting of ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediments deposited by melted water. sorted sediments because it is homogeneous |
|
|
Term
| What are the depositional valley glacier features? |
|
Definition
Ground Moraine
Lateral Moraine
Media Moraine
End Moraine |
|
|
Term
| What is the ground moraine? |
|
Definition
| if the till is deposited at the end of the valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deposited along the side of the valley |
|
|
Term
| What is the media morine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the edge of the glacier |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of continental glaciers? |
|
Definition
-End Moraine
-Kettle Lake
-Roaches Mountanees
-Drumlin
-Kame
-Varue
-Esker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See the till at teach belt |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of end moraine for continental glaciers? |
|
Definition
Terminal Moraine
Recessional moraine |
|
|
Term
| What is terminal moraine? |
|
Definition
| terminal moraine is the first moraine belt |
|
|
Term
| What is recessional moraine? |
|
Definition
| linked to the terminal moraine- all of the other moraine belts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks of ice that take a longer time to melt |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Ice melting? |
|
Definition
| A large block of wasting ice is isolated from the main ice mass on an outwash plain surrounded by outwash sediments |
|
|
Term
| What happens after complete deglaciation? |
|
Definition
| a kettle remains after the ice block melts; a lake forms if the kettly lake base is below the water table |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ice gone and see huge pills of sediment where ice was before |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hill of till deposits- accumulation of till deposits
parallel to flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposits of outwash, right angles, perpendicular to flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two features are opposites? |
|
Definition
| Drumlin and Roach Mountains |
|
|
Term
| What are Roach Mountains? |
|
Definition
| Bed rock high- due to ice it becomes a gentle slope on the side that the ice came from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rythemic deposits of coarse and find sediments
f
c
f
c
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two causes of glaciation? |
|
Definition
| Plate tectonics and Astronomical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance from the sun- high eccentricity & low eccentricity |
|
|
Term
| What is high eccentricity? |
|
Definition
| furthest distance frmo the sun- it's an oval |
|
|
Term
| What is low eccentricity? |
|
Definition
| lower distance from the sun- circle |
|
|
Term
| How long does astronomical take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of rock? |
|
Definition
Ductile- soft
Brittle- strong |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of forces? |
|
Definition
Tensional <-----> (pull apart)
Compressive ----><----- (push together)
Shearing- sliding past each other |
|
|
Term
| What two characteristics do folds need in order to be considered a fold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does fault need in order to be considered a fault? |
|
Definition
| Brittle and all of the forces (tensional, compressive, shearing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way the fold is going- where it is striking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which way the limb is going |
|
|
Term
| A horizontal fold has a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A plunging fold has an axis at a..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way do anticlines fold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way to synclines fold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do assymetrical folds have? |
|
Definition
| have one imb that dips more steeply than the other |
|
|
Term
| What do symmetrical folds have? |
|
Definition
| have limbs that dip symmetrically from the axial plane |
|
|
Term
| What is an overturned fold? |
|
Definition
| have limbs that dip in the same direction, but one limb has been tilted beyond verticle |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of faults? |
|
Definition
1. Dip slip
2. strike slip
3. oblique slip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes down relative to the footwall |
|
|
Term
| What causes normal faulting? |
|
Definition
| caused by tensional forces that stretch a rock and tend to pull it apart |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of dip slip faulting? |
|
Definition
Normal faulting
reverse faulting
a thrust faulting |
|
|
Term
| What causes a reverse fault? |
|
Definition
| by compressive forces that squeeze and shorten a rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverse fault with a shallow-dipping fault plane |
|
|
Term
| What is strike slip fault? |
|
Definition
Left lateral- deposit the left one
right lateral- deposit the right one |
|
|
Term
| What is oblique slip faulting? |
|
Definition
| caused by a combination of forces in this case left- lateral/ shearing with tension |
|
|
Term
| What are the four evidence of faulting? |
|
Definition
1. offset in rock layers
2. lithological change- walking along and seeing rock change
3. sudden change in age
4. sudden change in topography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the wave equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ocean waves characteristics? |
|
Definition
1.waves travel but water says in the same place
2. When the bottom shallows to about one half the wave length, th wave slows, its wave length decreases
3. as waves approach the shore, they become too steep to support themseles and breaking the surf zone, running up with beach in a swash
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start at angle and become parallel to the shoreline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance between crust and trough |
|
|
Term
| If I compare two shore lines- one at an angle and one that is straight up and down which one will erode faster and why? |
|
Definition
| stright one because the breakers are forming closer to the shoreline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 24 hours and fifty minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gravitational force between the moon and the earth |
|
|
Term
| How often is there a tide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when all in a line (full moon and new moon) That's when we see highest possible tide the sun adds to it with them all lined up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-low
1st &3rd quarter
when solar tide is in oposing force-not adding to the tide |
|
|
Term
| What are the six steps of wave refraction? |
|
Definition
1. fast traveling wave approaches deep water
2. part of the wave closest to the beach slows causing the line of waves to refract toward the beach
3. waves bend toward the projecting part of the shore which increases the wave impact on the headland
4. paths of crest diverge, decreasing the wave impact on the beach
5. wave approaches the shore at an angle causing a long shore current
long shore drift results from movement of sand particles by swash and backwash |
|
|
Term
| How does water and sand travel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left behind piece of rock that will be eroded in the future- in middle of waterr |
|
|
Term
| WHat causes headland to be hit with the highest wave velosity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| becomes point of maximum erosion |
|
|
Term
| What are the erosional features for oceans? |
|
Definition
stacks
sea arch
wave cut terrace
tidal valley |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the dispositional features? |
|
Definition
|
|
