Term
| What is the function of an artery? |
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Definition
| to carry blood away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube carrying blood from the capillary beds to the heart, made of some smooth muscle (but doesn't contract) |
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Term
| Where is the right atrioventricular valve located, and what is its other name? |
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Definition
| between the right atrium and right ventricle, also called the tricuspid valve |
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Term
| Where is the left atrioventricular valve located, and what is its other name? |
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Definition
| between the left atrium and ventricle, also called the bicuspid valve or Mitral valve |
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Term
| What is the function of the superior vena cava? |
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Definition
| it returns deoxygenated blood from the head region into the right atrium FROM SYSTEMIC VASCULATURE |
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Term
| What is the function of the inferior vena cava? |
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Definition
| it returns deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the body FROM SYSTEMIC VASCULATURE |
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Term
| What is the pulmonary valve? |
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Definition
| also called the right semilunar valve, it separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery |
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Term
| Where is the pulmonary artery located and what is its function? |
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Definition
| located on the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated |
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Term
| Where is the pulmonary vein located, and what is its function? |
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Definition
| on the left atrium, it brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs |
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Term
| Where is the aorta located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cells line the inner parts of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the blood leaves the aorta, where does it travel? |
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Definition
| blood leaves aorta and goes to the systemic vasculature |
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Term
| What is the wall of cardiac muscle called, and what is its function? |
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Definition
| myocardium, it receives blood from the coronary arteries |
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Term
| What are the layers of the heart? |
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Definition
| 1. Myocardium 2. Endocardium 3. Pericardium |
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Term
| What type of cells comprise the endocardium? |
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Definition
| endothelial cells, which are a type of epithelial cells |
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Term
| What is the outer layer of the heart and what is it comprised of? |
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Definition
| Pericardium which is made up of 2 layers of mesothelial cells |
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Term
| What does the right heart pump do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the left heart pump do? |
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Definition
pumps blood to the body
LEFT PUMP HAS MORE MUSCLE |
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Term
| Is the pressure high or low when its entering the right atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the heart makes the Lub sound, what is happening? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes the Dub sound? |
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Definition
| when the aortic and pulmonary valves close, (aka semilunar valves) |
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Term
| What is the inner layer of pericardium called and how is it connected to heart? |
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Definition
| visceral layer, connects the mesothelial cells to the myocardium with basal lamina |
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Term
| What is the outer layer of pericardium called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What layer touches the blood in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects the visceral layer to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pericardium, there is an increase of fluid which results in an increase of pressure which inhibits blood flow into the heart |
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Term
| How does blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle? |
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Definition
| the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) opens |
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Term
| After the ventricles are filled, what happens? |
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Definition
| it creates a lot of pressure closing the atrioventricular valves |
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Term
| How does the blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle? |
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Definition
| through the atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral valve) |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart, composed of 2 mesothelial layers |
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Term
| What is Frank Starlings Law? |
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Definition
| the increase in end diastolic volume produces an increase in stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
amount of blood being pushed out of heart, calculated by:
SV=EDV-ESV |
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Term
| What is the filling phase? |
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Definition
| when blood is rushing from the atrium into the ventricles, sarcomeres in myocardium stretch while blood is filling heart, during this phase pressures in the heart are lower than in the vena cava or pulmonary vein |
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Term
| What happens at the end of the filling phase? |
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Definition
| pressure increases slightly which is generated by the contraction of cardiomyocytes in the atrial myocardium to force the final amount of blood into the ventricles |
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Term
| Once the ventricles are filled, what happens? |
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Definition
| atrioventricular valve closes (keeping blood from going back into atrium) and isovolumetric contraction begins |
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Term
| What happens during isovolumetric contraction? |
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Definition
| sarcomeres contract generating more pressure on the chambers, eventually releasing the pressure by opening aortic valve (blood volume flows out of ventricles) |
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Term
| The opening of the aortic valve results in.. |
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Definition
| the ejection phase, (aka phase where blood is pumped to body) |
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Term
| What is the ejection phase? |
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Definition
| when the aortic valve opens after isovolumetric contraction to release blood from ventricles into the aorta, and from the aorta to the rest of the body |
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Term
| What initiates the ejection phase? |
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Definition
| the pressure on the ventricular side is greater than the aortic side, it eventually builds up and once the aortic valve opens, blood rushes into aorta |
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Term
| What phase in the cardiac cycle comes after the ejection phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| After ejection phase is over, what valve closes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the aortic/pulmonary valves to close? |
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Definition
the pressure on the aortic side is greater than the pressure on the ventricular side
DUB SOUND |
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Term
| What is isovolumetric relaxation? |
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Definition
| when muscles relax after blood has been distributed to body, begins right after the aortic and pulmonary valves close (also marks beginning of diastole), this phase is short and only lasts about 30-60 milliseconds |
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Term
| What is happening during systole? |
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Definition
| the contraction and ejection |
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Term
| At the end-systolic volume point, what happens? |
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Definition
| the atrioventricular valves open so the ventricles can fill up again and repeat the process |
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Term
| According to Frank Starling's Law, what happens to the sarcomeres and what does it lead to? |
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Definition
| the sarcomeres in the ventricle are moving farther apart, allowing more blood to fill ventricles which increases the EDV, in turn increasing stroke volume |
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Term
| What two things does the cardiovascular system consist of? |
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Definition
| a pump (the heart) and a series of tubes (blood vessels) |
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Term
| What are the insides of vessels lined with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates vessel diameter? |
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Definition
| the smooth muscles in arterioles permits regulation of vessel diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| a single layer of endothelial cells attached to a basal lamina which are exchange vessels where gases and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues |
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Term
| Deoxygenated blood from tissues returns to the heart through.. |
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Definition
| the vena cava and enters the right atrium and ventricle |
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Term
| How does blood exit right ventricle? |
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Definition
| through the pulmonary valve to enter pulmonary artery |
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Term
| Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart? |
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Definition
| leaves the left ventricle through the aorta destined for the systemic vasculature and all other organs besides lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the filling phase is called diastole, derived form the greek word meaning dilate, as the heart fills with blood it dilates |
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Term
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Definition
| the contraction/ejection phase, derived from greek word meaning contract, it ejects blood from heart |
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Term
| Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood exits the right side of the heart through.. |
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Definition
| the pulmonary artery destined for the lungs |
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Term
| What are valves made out of? |
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Definition
| connective tissue covered by a single layer of endothelial cells |
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Term
| During diastole, what valves remain open? |
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Definition
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Term
| During diastole, what valves remain closed? |
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Definition
| aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves) |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with the contraction of the atria, the contraction pushes blood from atria into ventricles through open AV valves |
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Term
| What helps the atrioventricular valves from bulging into the atrium when pressure in ventricle is high? |
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Definition
| papillary muscles attached to the chordae tendineae help stabilize the AV valve |
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Term
| During diastole, what is the pressure in the heart? |
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Definition
| it ranges from about 0 mm Hg to 10 mm Hg |
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Term
| What is the peak of systolic pressure in the left ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the peak of systolic pressure in the right ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood that enters the ventricle during diastole |
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Term
| What is the end-diastolic volume? |
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Definition
| is the volume of blood in the ventricles when ventricular contraction begins |
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Term
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Definition
The volume of blood ejected during the ejection phase. Normally about 70ml for both sides of heart
SV=EDV-ESV |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as the stroke volume times the number of beats per minute, normal cardiac output is about 5 liters/min. |
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Term
| How does a new heart cycle occur? |
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Definition
| when the pressure on the atrioventricular valve is greater than the pressure in the ventricle, the valve opens and the ventricle filling begins again |
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Term
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Definition
| heart muscle, contains many mitochondria and requires a steady supply of oxygenated blood |
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Term
| What are coronary arteries, and where do they originate? |
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Definition
| arteries that supply the heart with blood, originate at the base of the aorta |
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Term
| At what point does blood flow to the myocardium? |
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Definition
| blood flows through the coronary arteries to the myocardium mostly during diastole |
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Term
| Why is blood flow in the coronary arteries limited during systolic phase? |
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Definition
| the forceful contraction of ventricles squeezes the coronary arteries and prevents blood flow, and during the ejection phase the movement of blood past the openings to the coronary arteries limits the flow to into the arteries |
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Term
| What forces the blood through the coronary arteries? |
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Definition
| the blood pressure in the aorta provides enough pressure to drive the blood through the coronary arteries during diastole |
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Term
| How does the blood in the coronary arteries return to the heart? |
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Definition
| the blood in the coronary arteries returns to the blood in the right atrium after exiting through the coronary sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell type of the heart muscle, they are contractile and electrically connected by gap junctions at intercalated disks |
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Term
| Where are clusters of conductile cells located? |
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Definition
| at the sinoatrialnode (SA node) in the right atrium, innervated by both post ganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons |
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