Term
| (citizens' rights and responsibilities): on truthfulness |
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Definition
| How and why newspeople made their decisions should be transparent |
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Term
| (citizens' rights and responsibilities): on loyalty to citizens |
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Definition
| We should expect to see evidence that the material has been prepared for our use above all, stories should answer our needs as citizens and not just interests of the players and the political or economic system. |
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Term
| (citizens' rights and responsibilities): on independence |
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Definition
| We have a right to expect that the commentators, columnists, and journalists of opinion are serving the interests of citizens’ debate rather than the narrow interests of a faction or a predetermined outcome. |
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Term
| citizens' rights and responsibilities): on monitoring power |
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Definition
| We have a right to expect monitoring on the most important and difficult centers of power |
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Term
| (citizens' rights and responsibilities): a public forum |
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Definition
| We should expect our news providers to create several channels through which we may interact with them |
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Term
| (citizens' rights and responsibilities): on proportionality and engagement |
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Definition
| We have right to expect journalists to be aware of our basic dilemma as citizens: that we need for timely and deep knowledge of important issues and trends in our community, but we lack both the time and the means to access most of this crucial information |
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Term
| how can citizens participate in practice? |
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Definition
- offer feedback
- withhold business
- participate in news production and delivery |
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Term
| what are some types of citizen journalism? |
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Definition
- newsroom opens to public comments
- feedback and comments
- the citizen add-on reporter
- the citizen bloghouse
- the stand-alone citizen journalism sites |
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Term
| what are guarantees of First Amendment? |
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Definition
- religion
- speech
- assembly
- petition the government for redress of grievances |
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Term
| what are the three philosophical ideas that the First Amendment is based upon? |
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Definition
- self governance (Alexander Meiklejohn)
- autonomy/self-fulfillment (John Locke)
- marketplace of ideas (John Milton)
- |
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Term
| what is the hierarchy of speech? |
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Definition
- political speech receives highest level of protection
- commercial speech receives less protection
- obscene material, false advertising and fighting words are not protected |
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Term
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Definition
- time, place and manner restrictions
- the government may be concerned with what i'm saying, but might have an interest in limiting when, how and where I can say it |
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Term
| what are the 6 elements of libel? |
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Definition
- defamatory communication
- publication
- falsify
- identification
- harm
- fault |
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Term
| what are a journalist's defense against libel? |
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Definition
- truth
- fair report
- neutral report
- opinion
- consent
- statute of limitations
- Anti-SLAPP statutes |
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Term
| what is the value of free speech? |
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Definition
- discovery of truth
- the continuance of self-government
- a check on government power
- promotion of stable change
- individual fulfillment |
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Term
| how to judge whether it is a First Amendment Issue? |
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Definition
1. is government action involved?
2. does the gov't action interfere activity that is predominantly expressive?
3. does my expression fall into the protected category of speech?
4. what level of protection does my speech enjoy? |
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Term
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Definition
- only apply to individual, not to business or corporations
- protects an individual's privacy, and punished those who violate the privacy of others and result in identifiable harm
- courts have to balance individual privacy of other interests |
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Term
| someone's privacy has been invaded if any of the 4 things have happened: |
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Definition
1. disclosure of private facts
2. intrusion/trespassing
3. false light
4. appropriation |
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Term
| what is the disclosure of private facts? |
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Definition
| The publication of private information that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person and is not a matter of legitimate public concern |
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Term
| what is intrusion/trespassing? |
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Definition
| Intrusion is the highly offensive invasion of another person’s solitude, either physically or by use of technological devices |
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Term
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Definition
| False light invasion of privacy is the publication of highly offensive false information about an individual with actual malice, that is, knowing the information is false or with reckless disregard for whether it is true or false |
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Term
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Definition
| Appropriation is the use of another person’s name, likeness or image, without permission, for commercial gain |
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Term
| how do journalists defend themselves against the privacy torts? |
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Definition
- Freedom of Information Act (1966): Sunshine laws
- Right to attend criminal trials
- Reporter's privilege/state shield laws |
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Term
| what are the six philosophical obligations? |
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Definition
- fidelity
- gratitude
- justice
- beneficence
- noninjury
- self-improvement |
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Term
| what are some business model experiments in journalism? |
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Definition
- day jobs
- crowd sourcing
- interested parties
- nonprofit foundations
- experts become journalists
- product placement and sponsorship
- news outlet is the business (vice versa) |
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Term
| what is discovery of truth? |
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Definition
| If people have no access to the truth or to information, then they have no way of judging error and thus, cannot make reasonable decisions |
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Term
| what is the continuance of self-government? |
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Definition
| People cannot govern themselves without understanding the issues |
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Term
| what is a check on government power? |
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Definition
| The media become a means through which the public can keep track of the three branches of government |
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Term
| what is promotion of stable change? |
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Definition
| Free speech allows those who disagree with policy to work for change without seeking a violent overthrow of government |
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Term
| what is individual fulfillment? |
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Definition
| Free speech encourages us to express ourselves and, thereby, enriches and enhances our lives |
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