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| The study of human movement |
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| The study of the mechanics of a living organism; the use of physics principles: gravity, force, force applied, time |
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| to bend; increase toward 180° |
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| To straighten; decrease joing angle |
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| Extension beyond the anatomical position |
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| occurs at ankle, top of the foot toward lower leg |
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| Planting ball of foot downward |
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| Bending at the trunk to your left or right |
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| Horizontal Abduction/Adduction |
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| moves parallel to the transverse/horizontal plane |
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| Circular Patterns; flexion-abduction-extension-adduction |
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| Rotating toward and away from the midline (also known as internal and external rotation) |
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| Divides body into equal left and right parts; forward and backward movements of the body and body segments occur |
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| Splits body into front and back parts; lateral movements occur in this plane. (abduction/adduction) |
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| Horizontal/Transverse Plane |
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| Divides the body into top and bottom halves; horizontal body movements occur parallel to this plane |
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| Imaginary axis in the body that passes through the joint to which it is attached (think of the pin that passes through the joint on a G.I. Joe) |
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| imaginary line around which saggital plane rotation occurs |
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| imaginary line around which frontal plane movements occur |
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| Imaginary line around which horizontal/transverse plane rotation occurs |
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| Types of Machines found in the body |
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Definition
Levers, Wheel/Axel, Pulley
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| Most Common Machine in the Body |
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Definition
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| Simple machines used to amplify force or distance |
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| How are lever arms used in the body? |
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| the bones are used like levers, the muscular attachments provide various forces, like effort and resistance, the levers pivot on a fulcrum |
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| a force that is being moved (weight, rock, kicking a ball) |
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| Muscular force that is being used on a lever to produce movement against the resistance |
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| one axis of rotation in the center of the effort and the resistance. (Head, resistance is in the front because it weighs more.) Can be used to amplify speed, balance, force motion when axis is close to resistance. |
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| Axis is at one end of the lever; resistance is in the middle and the force (muscle) is holding it up at the other end. (Ball of foot is axis, calf is force, and body is resistance) Plantar Flexion |
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Definition
Axis of rotation, resistance acting in one direction and effort acting in the other. (bicep curl, weight is the resistance, elbow is axis, muscle is the force pulling the resistance.) Most common in the body. |
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Movement of force; the turning effect of an eccentric force
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| Force applied in a direction, not in line with axis of rotation. (kicking a ball, force is not in line with resistance) |
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Convert Pounds to Kilograms (lbs/2.2)
multiplied by gravity
(9.8m/s2)=newtons
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D*F=Nmeters
D=torque arm from fulcrom to the end (meters)
F=Force Applied (newtons) |
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| Enhance Range of motion and speed; both correspond to the radius |
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| Wheel and Axel Mechanical Advantage |
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Definition
radius of wheel(5")/radius of axel(1")
5:1 Mechanical Advantage |
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Definition
Throwing a Ball
Humerus is the Axel-Hand and Wrist are outside of the wheel-elbow bent at 90º, this makes speed increase |
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change effective direction of force application
1 Pulley=MA of 1
Can be combined to include MA, each additional adds 1 MA |
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| Lateral Malleolus acts as a pulley as the tendon of the poroneus longus runs around the outside |
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| Throwing or kicking a ball, a force is applied, it changes its state of motion |
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| When the amount of strain on tissue becomes too great and causes damage |
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| tissues ability to stretch and are pliable |
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| internal force (per unit area) upon a cross section when part of the body is on one side of a plane, which exerts on a part of the body on the other side of the plane. |
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| a non-homogeneous, anisotropic, composite structure that behaves viscoelastically; Connective tissue |
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| Concentric layers of compact bone that form the tube like structure |
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| cavities within the lamella |
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| bone cell found in lacunae |
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| small channels radiating from each lacunae |
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| Structural Organization of Bone |
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| Compact, found in the shafts of long bones |
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| less compact, found at ends of long bones and in vertebrae, spongy and can withstand more strain |
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| Skull, Vertebrae/Sacrum, Ribs/Sternum |
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| cartilage discs found on the ends of bones |
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| As muscles grow larger, the bone will grow larger |
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| Synarthrosis, plates of the skull, radius and ulna, tib and fib |
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| Amphiarthroses, Joint in Shoulder |
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| diarthroses, hinge or ball and socket |
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| Hyaline; protective layer of dense, white connective tissue, found in dyarthrodical joints on ends of bones, protects, self lubricating |
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| surrounds muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels, creates a fascial web, IT Band |
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Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
alternating contracting and relaxing, 5-10 seconds |
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| muscle acting to cause movement |
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| muscle acting to stop or slow movement |
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