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| an alloy of tin and copper |
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| Mogul emperor of India (1556-1605) who conquered most of northern India and exercised religious tolerance. |
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| a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology |
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| when culture interact with each other and share customs, technology, etc. Often caused by migration, pursuit of religious freedom or conversion, trade, or conquest |
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| a people’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas. |
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| First great king of Persia that expanded the empire greatly. Practiced religious tolerance |
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| Cambyses’ successor, put down revolts caused by Cambyses, then made further conquest for Persian Empire. |
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| Ottoman Empire: policy of taking children from conquered Christians and training them as Muslim soldiers. |
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| a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler. |
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| new capital of Safavid empire built by Shah Abbas |
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| an arch of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea. |
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| famous king of Uruk that was written about in the Epic of Gilgamesh |
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| son of Cyrus, did not practice religious tolerance of father when conquered Egypt, caused many revolts. |
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| Persian prophet and founder of Zoroastrian religion. Preached of belief in Ahura Mazda, and that life was a battle between good and evil and afterlife was based on how well you fought for good. |
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| Spies of Darius that were sent to live in his satrapies to see if the satraps were following his orders. |
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| land in Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
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| Capital of Byzantine empire, conquered by Mehmed II of Ottoman Empire |
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| a system of writing with wedge shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 BC |
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| born 570 AD, prophet of Islam |
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| one of first known agricultural villages. Showed advantages of settled life. |
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| major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming; people’s shift from food gather to food producing. |
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| seafaring people of Southwest Asia, who began trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region. Developed phonetic alphabet |
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| a series of rulers from a single family. |
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| a road in Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles; Susa to Sardis |
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| developed technology, believed to discover and control fire, and development of spoken language. |
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| 12 year-old Safavid emperor who seized Iran and converted empire to Shi’a. |
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| group of 10,000 elite soldiers that helped Darius seize power |
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| main source of income for most nations/empires. |
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| Sumerian city-state that had an Agricultural Economy and complex city life. |
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| a dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire. Took over after Umayyads. |
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| city-state north of Sumer; home to conqueror named Sargon, took over most of Sumerian city-states. |
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| handbook to the afterlife for Egyptians |
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| Extreme rapids in the Nile that blocked transportation between those points and divided the Upper and Lower kingdoms. |
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| a Southwest Asian people who helped to destroy the Assyrians Empire, form New Babylon Empire. |
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| the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another |
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| means house of Islam refers to all land in Muslim Empire. |
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| traditions that include sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of his deeds. |
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| pilgrimage of Muhammad and followers from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina), after being exiled. |
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| a Hebrew kingdom in Palestine established around 922 BC. A result kingdom of when Israel split in half. |
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| Islamic place of higher education. |
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| Mesopotamian Civilization |
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| any civilization within Mesopotamia |
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| a Sumerian city-state that had old and New Empires |
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| one of the first conquerors in the world, from Akkad, took most Sumerian city-states. |
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| king believed to unite Upper and Lower Egypt. |
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| dominated Medes and a great empire. |
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| a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government. |
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| a city and its surrounding lands function as an independent political unit. |
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| period of time before written records. |
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| Arab nomads whose beliefs influenced Muslim traditions. |
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| “Abbas the Great” brought Safavids into golden age and drew the best from the Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds. |
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| Mughal emperor that had a passion for his wife and great architecture. Built Taj Mahal, but depleted all of empire’s resources and many starved. |
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| cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. |
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| a body of law governing the lives of Muslims. |
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| along with Cro-Magnon, classified as early group of Homo sapiens |
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| governor of a province in the Persian Empire, appointed by Darius. |
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| Conqueror from Asia that interrupted Ottoman expansion |
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| the first five books of the Hebrew Bible; the most sacred writings of Jewish tradition |
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| a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple |
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| Arabic word for God used in Islam. |
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| empire which ruthlessly conquered its neighbors and treated conquered peoples cruelly |
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| a mutual promise or agreement between God and the Hebrew people as recorded in the Bible. |
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| built as tombs for pharaohs, were hard to construct pointed upwards to direct spirit to afterlife. |
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| Evolution of Government in Sumerian city-states |
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| first were priests, then started to war, and military commanders rose up and soon took permanent tradition of rulers |
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| belief in one God Allah (Shahadah), daily prayer (Zakat), almsgiving (Salat), fasting during Ramadan (Sawm), pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) |
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| Chaldean (New Babylonian) emperor that came up with Hammurabi code (eye for eye, tooth for tooth) |
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| God’s chosen people that follow Jewish religion. Were exiled by Babylonians, and then release by Cyrus the Great |
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| first came from steppes, no one knows why they left. From steppes, migrated outward in all directions. One group was Hittites in Anatolia |
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| name for Muslim religion “submission to Allah |
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| one of the head cities in Islam, birthplace of Muhammad, home of the Ka’ba. |
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| another head city in Islam, city where Muhammad and followers were exiled. Muhammad gain great political, religious, and military power there |
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| a religious community that, under Suleyman, was given religious freedom in the Ottoman Empire. |
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| Islamic house of worship. |
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| Egyptian process of body preservation |
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| term for follower of Islam “one who has submitted" |
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| a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by Egyptians to press into paper-like material. |
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| holy book of Islam. Essential literature piece in Muslim Empires. |
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| In Muslim Empires, protected flock: Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians. |
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| stone that was found that helped archaeologists translate hieroglyphics. |
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| religious group in Mughal Empire that combined Hinduism and Islam. Target of Empire when they sheltered the rebellious prince Khusrau. |
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| famous Ottoman king that made many new laws; handled criminal and civil actions. Also created devshirme system. |
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| home to first civilizations and great city-states, located in south-eastern region of Mesopotamia. |
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| Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad |
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| government based on religious authority. |
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