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| Physical (Biological) Anthropology |
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| Studies the evolution of humans and their relatives (living and and past.) |
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| The study of how language is used and the relationship between speech and culture. |
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| A focus on the interrelationships between what humans inherit geneticaly and what they inherit culturally. |
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| A set of preconcieved notions, practices, and assumptions about how the world works |
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| The idea that changes in the earth's history were caused by catastrophes rather than gradual evolutionary processes. |
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| The theory that processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today |
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| One or more alternative form of a gene |
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| The physical characteristics of an organism |
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| The complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits. |
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| The pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA |
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| The pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an organsim (XX for females and XY for males.) |
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| Occurs in somatic cells and the new cells are diploid. |
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| A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes. |
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| Recombination (Crossing over) |
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| The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes |
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| The genes that determine what is turned on and off for protein synthesis. |
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| Proteins involved in the expression of control genes. |
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| The first step of protein synthesis involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template |
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| Transport amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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| Determine an organisms form and the arrangement of its tissues and organs. |
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| Alleles that are the same |
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| Controlled by one pair of genes. |
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| One gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait |
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| Small scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next |
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| The number of organisms in an area |
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| Large scale evolution that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations |
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| Replacements of a single nitrogen base wih another base, which may or may not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes |
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| Refers to the conditions in which only one of a specific pair of chromosomes is present in a cell's nucleus |
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| Random changes in DNA that occur during cell division |
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| Substances, such as toxins, chemicals, or radiation, that may induce genetic mutations |
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| Selection for one allele over other alleles causing he allele frequencies to shift in one direction |
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| Selection for multiple alleles over other alleles |
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| The frequency of traits that change dueto those traits attractiveness to memebers of the opposite sex |
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| The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations |
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| The accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that has become isolated from the parent population due to genetic input of only a few colonizers |
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| The study and classification of living organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships with one another |
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| Morphological Species Concept |
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| Organisms are classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological criteria |
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| The progressive evolution of a species |
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| The formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location |
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| The diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adaptes to specific environmental niches |
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| A hypothesis that the evolution of a species proceeds in a characteristic pattern of relative stability for long periods of time |
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| Similarity based on common descent |
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| A trait that has changed from the ancestrial condition |
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| Walks using all four limbs |
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| Re-creates past cultures and studies cultural changes throughout time |
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| Studies modern culture diversity (culture as a learned behavior.) |
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| Verified through observation and experiment |
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| A set of verified hypothesis that explain related phenomena |
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| Hierarchy -> Starts with God and works its way down |
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| A system of catagorization in which each species is given a unique name that consists of a generic and specific term. |
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| The basic unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to producea specific protein |
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| Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given enviorment |
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| The genetic makeup of an organsim, the combination of alleles for a given gene |
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| Present only if the dominate allele isn't |
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| The strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds or thousands of genes |
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| Sexual reporductive cell (ova or sperm) that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism |
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| The building block of DNA and RNA, comprised of sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases. |
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| All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells |
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| The characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organsim or species, such as number, size, and type |
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| The production of gamates through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells |
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| A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the genetic material |
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| Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another |
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| Genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins |
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| Proteins that form an organsim's physical attributes |
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| The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain. |
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| The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis |
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| Refers to the presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population |
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| Refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on a homologous chromosome are different |
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| Refers to one phenotypic trait that is affeted by tow or more genes |
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| Sequences of a gene's DNA that are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and trnaslated during protein synthesis. |
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| All the genetic information in the breeding population |
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| A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organsim |
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| The change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases, which cause the subsequent triplets to be rearranged and the condons to be read incorrectly during translation |
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| Refers to the condition in which an additional chromosmoe exists with the homologous pair. |
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| Refers to those mutations in the DNA resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals or to radiation |
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| Average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype comapred to the number of offspring produced parents with another genotype |
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| The removal of alleles that produce divergence from the average phenotype in a population by selecting against deviant individuals |
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| Selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution |
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| Admixture or the exchange of alleles between two populations |
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| The process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, therby increasing the frequency of those features in the population |
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| To fuse two cells of different genotypes into a hybrid cell |
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| Biological species concept |
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| Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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| Two organisms on their way to being different species, that can interbreed and produce hybrids. |
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| Evolutionary change by the branching off of new species from common ancestral types |
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| A theory that species evolve slowly and continuously over long periods of geological time |
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| Correspondence in form or structure, owing to a similar environment. |
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| Most of time spent in the trees |
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| Most of time spent on the ground |
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| Vertical clinging/leaping |
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| Swinging from branch to branch |
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| The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals |
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| Belonging to the primate suborder Anthropoidea, characterized by a relatively flat face, dry nose, small immobile ears, and forward-facing eyes, comprising humans, apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys |
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| Belonging to the group Catarrhini, comprising humans, anthropoid apes, and Old World monkeys, having the nostrils close together and opening downward and a nonprehensile, often greatly reduced or vestigial tail. |
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| Adaptations (especially in the shoulders and arms) to help move through the trees. |
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| Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and Bonobos |
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| Having molar teeth with crowns in the form of rounded or conical cusps |
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| The killing of a nursing infant |
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| The area exploited by primate groups within their lifetime |
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| Belonging to the primate suborder Prosimii, characterized by nocturnal habits, a long face with a moist snout, prominent whiskers, large mobile ears, and large, slightly sideways-facing eyes, comprising the lemur, loris, potto, bush baby, and aye-aye |
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| Anterior teeth that have been tilted forward, creating a scraper |
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| The numerical description of a species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, nd molars. |
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| Having a broad, flat-bridged nose |
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| A difference in a physical attribue between the males and females of a species |
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| Hylobatidae (lessor apes) |
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| Hominoids' patern of lower molar cusps. Five "points" and a ridge that looks like a "y" |
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| Behavior transmitted repeatedly thorugh social learning |
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