Term
True or False:
The body DOES regulate concentration of nutrients, water, and electrolytes. |
|
Definition
False
The body does NOT regulate the concentration but it DOES optimize conditions for digestion and absorption |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Digestion is important to homeostasis and functions by transferring nutrients, water, and electrolytes to locations in need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, what is the primary function of the Pharynx and Esophagus in regards to digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area/organ of the digestive tract functions by controlling gastric secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four basic functions of the GI System? |
|
Definition
1) Motility
2) Secretion
3) Digestion
4) Absorption |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Skeletal muscle contracts to stimulate motility in regards to the GI system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
A tonic low level of contraction provides steady pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents GI Tract walls from becoming permanently stretch following distention? |
|
Definition
| Low level tonic contractions |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of propulsive movements in regards to the GI System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The rate of propulsive movements within the GI system is stagnant/constant throughout the entire system. |
|
Definition
False
The rate varies on location |
|
|
Term
| In regards to the GI System, what type of movement facilitates absorption by exposing food to all absorbing surfaces of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to the GI System, what are exocrine secretions? (Where do they come from? How do they come about?) |
|
Definition
| Secretions which come from specialized epithelial cells or accessory organs designed to release digestive juices upon neural or hormone stimulation |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Exocrine secretions consist of albumin, water, and rbc's |
|
Definition
False
Consist of water, electrolytes, and specific organ constituents |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Exocrine secretions are generally reabsorbed after their function is complete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The digestive system is the 2nd largest endocrine organ in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What exact mechanism is used during the biochemical breakdown of digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are often ready for absorption immediately after entering the body. |
|
Definition
False
They most likely have to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis in order to become absorbable units |
|
|
Term
| What are the absorbable units of carbohydrates? Proteins? Fats? |
|
Definition
1) Monosaccharides
2) Amino Acids
3) Glycerol and Fatty Acids |
|
|
Term
| What is the technical definition of absorption? |
|
Definition
| Absorbable units resulting from digestion along with water, vitamins, and electrolytes are transferred from the digestive tract lumen into the blood or lymph |
|
|
Term
| What is the length of the digestive system from mouth to anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the 3 salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| Parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
|
|
Term
True or False:
From the esophagus to the anus, the digestive tract walls have the same structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surfaces of the GI tract would one find the mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What unique structure is found within the mucosa and what is the function? |
|
Definition
| Villi, which increases absorptive area |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells could one find within the mucosa? What is the function of each? |
|
Definition
Exocrine gland cells - secrete digestive juices
Endocrine gland cells- secrete blood-borne GI hormones
Epithelial cells - absorb digestive nutrients |
|
|
Term
What is wrong with this statement?
The submucosa is the thin layer of connective tissue which provides the digestive tract with stasis/firmness. The submucosa contains larger blood and lymph vessels than the rest of the body and the submucosa has its own nerve network known as the gastro-innerval plexus. |
|
Definition
Thick layer of connective tissue, NOT thin
Provides GI tract with elasticity, NOT firmness/stasis
The nerve network is called the submucosal plexus, NOT GASTRO-INNERVAL PLEXUS |
|
|
Term
| What is the major smooth muscle coat of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the muscularis externa and what happens when contraction occurs? |
|
Definition
Circular Layer - contraction decreases diameter of lumen
Longitudinal layer - contraction shortens the tube |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The layers of the muscularis externa are as follows: Circular layer is the inner layer and the longitudinal layer is the outer layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Contraction of the muscularis externa only produces propulsive movements |
|
Definition
False
Propulsive and mixing movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the nerve network of the muscularis externa and where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Myenteric plexus found between the two muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer layer of the GI tract wall referred to and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Serosa, functions to secrete serous fluid |
|
|
Term
| In regards to the GI system, what is the function of serous fluid? |
|
Definition
| To lubricate and prevent friction between digestive organs and surrounding viscera |
|
|
Term
| What allows the digestive organs to stay in proper location while mixing and propulsive movements occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to GI tract motility, what function do interstitial cells of cajal help. |
|
Definition
| Autonomous smooth muscle function |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the intrinsic nerve plexus network? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The autonomic nervous system affects intrinsic nerves in regards to the GI tract motility. |
|
Definition
False
Autonomic nervous system affects the extrinsic nerves |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Smooth muscles of the GI tract require nervous system excitability in order to contract. |
|
Definition
False
Smooth muscles are self-excitable |
|
|
Term
| What part of the oral cavity separates the mouth from the nasal passages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functions to seal off the nasal passages during swallowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common passageway for the digestive and respiratory systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After an input has been initiated, what is the next step in the process of saliva secretion? |
|
Definition
| The cerebral cortex gets stimulated. |
|
|
Term
| Once the cerebral cortex gets stimulated, what occurs next in regards to the secretion of saliva? |
|
Definition
| Salivary center in the medulla becomes stimulated |
|
|
Term
| What two ways can the salivary center of the medulla become stimulated? |
|
Definition
| Pressure and chemo receptors in the mouth and the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Once the salivary center of the medulla is stimulated, how does saliva become secreted? |
|
Definition
| Salivary center in the medulla stimulates the autonomic nerves which signal the three salivary glands to secrete saliva |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The three major salivary glands are arranged in pairs. (Two of each) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of saliva? |
|
Definition
99.5% H2O
0.5% electrolytes and proteins (amylase, mucus, lysozyme) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Swallowing is an all-or-none reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is swallowing initiated? |
|
Definition
| When bolus is voluntarily forced by tongue to rear of mouth into pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the two stages of swallowing |
|
Definition
Oropharyngeal stage - moves bolus from mouth through pharynx and into esophagus
Esophageal stage - moves bolus from esophagus to stomach |
|
|
Term
True or False:
While swallowing, it is impossible for one to breath |
|
Definition
True
Because the swallowing center inhibits the respiratory center in the brain |
|
|
Term
| When swallowing, how does food NOT enter the nasal passages? |
|
Definition
| Because of the elevation of the uvula |
|
|
Term
| What purpose does the position of the tongue play regarding swallowing? |
|
Definition
| Prevents food from re-entering the mouth |
|
|
Term
| How does food NOT enter the airways during swallowing? |
|
Definition
| The epiglottis is pressed down over the glottis. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
One of the functions of esophageal secretions (mucus) is to lubricate bolus so it may travel down the esophagus easier. |
|
Definition
False
Mucus secretion of the esophagus is entirely protective |
|
|
Term
| What are the three sections of the stomach called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the stomach secrete to support digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulverized food that enters the stomach becomes _________ as it leaves the stomach by __________________ |
|
Definition
| Pulverized food that enters the stomach becomes chyme as it leaves the stomach by mixing movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the volume of the stomach when it is empty? Full? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to the stomach/GastricMotility, what is receptive relaxation? |
|
Definition
| As the stomach fills with food, it relaxes to accept more volume without an increase in pressure. The folds (rugae) of the stomach flatten out. |
|
|
Term
| What are the folds of the stomach called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does storage take place within the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does mixing take place within the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mainly causes the stomach to empty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of contractions are involved in the emptying and mixing of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Antral peristaltic contractions |
|
|
Term
| In regards to the stomach, how could one describe peristaltic contractions? |
|
Definition
| They originate in the upper fundus and sweep down toward the pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Peristaltic contraction of the stomach have the same strength from the upper fundus to the pyloric sphincter. |
|
Definition
False
They increase in strength as they approach the pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The pyloric sphincter is always open in one way or another. |
|
Definition
False
It is always partially open until peristaltic contractions reach the pyloric sphincter, then it tightly closes |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, how does mixing occur within the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Chyme rebounds off of the closed pyloric sphincter and goes back into the antrum. This process repeats several times |
|
|
Term
| What influences the strength of peristaltic contractions within the stomach? |
|
Definition
| The thickness of the smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| How does fat within the duodenum affect stomach activity. |
|
Definition
| It decreases stomach activity |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Unneutralized acid in the duodenum inhibits further emptying of acidic gastric contents until neutralization can be accomplished. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does osmolarity affect gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| When the duodenum becomes hypertonic in relation to the stomach, activity of the stomach decreases |
|
|
Term
| If there is a large amount of chyme in the duodenum, how would it affect the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Decrease stomach activity |
|
|
Term
| What is an enterogastric reflex? |
|
Definition
| A neural response mediated by both intrinsic and autonomic factors which serves in the regulation of gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| What two enterogastrones are involved in the regulation of gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin |
|
|
Term
| Where are hormones released from during gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of gastric secretory cells, and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
Mucous cells- secrete thin, watery mucus
Chief Cells - secrete pepsinogen
Parietal Cells - Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are responsible for activating pepsinogen? Why is this cell important? |
|
Definition
| Parietal Cells because they release HCl |
|
|
Term
| Where are mucus cells found in relation to gastric secretions? |
|
Definition
| In the lining of the gastric pits and the entrance of glands |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the release of pepsinogen from its respective cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of intrinsic factor in regards to gastric secretion? |
|
Definition
| facilitate the absorption of vitamin b12 |
|
|
Term
Label each of the following cell types as exocrine or endocrine:
D cells
Chief cells
ECL cells
G cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells |
|
Definition
D cells - endocrine
Chief cells - exocrine
ECL cells - endocrine
G cells -endocrine
Parietal cells - exocrine
Mucous cells - exocrine |
|
|
Term
| What product is secreted from G cells? D cells? |
|
Definition
G cells - gastrin
D cells - somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| In regards to gastric secretion, what is the function of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits parietal, G, and ECL cells |
|
|
Term
True or False:
One of the functions of HCl is to aid in the breakdown of connective tissue and muscle fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one describe the cephalic phase of gastric secretion? |
|
Definition
| Response to stimuli acting in the head before food reaches stomach |
|
|
Term
| When does the gastric phase of gastric secretion occur? |
|
Definition
| When food actually reaches the stomach |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The presence of proteins inhibit and/or slow down gastric secretions. |
|
Definition
False
Presence of proteins increases gastric secretions |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of CCK? |
|
Definition
| The duodenum releases CCK to inhibit stomach activity and to stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices and bile to promote digestive activity |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Nutrient absorption does NOT occur within the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Protein digestion begins in the mouth. |
|
Definition
False
Protein digestion relies on pepsin which is in the stomach and needs HCl to turn from pepsinogen to pepsin |
|
|
Term
| What does gastric emptying into the duodenum trigger? |
|
Definition
| The secretion of juices from the pancreas as well as bile from the liver and gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells actively secrete pancreatic enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to the pancreas, what is the function of duct cells? |
|
Definition
| Actively secrete aqueous alkaline solution |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains alpha, beta, and delta cells |
|
Definition
False
Exocrine contains acinar and duct cells |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The Islet of Langerhans is contained within the endocrine portion of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Bile is an enzyme which aids in the digestion/neutralization of chyme. |
|
Definition
| False Bile is NOT an enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of alkalinic bicarbonate released by the pancreas? |
|
Definition
To neutralize acid from the stomach in order to prevent damage to the duodenal lining.
Also to produce a pH that the pancreatic enzymes can effectively function |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three classes of pancreatic enzymes? What are the functions? |
|
Definition
1) Proteolytic enzymes - digest protein
2) Pancreatic amylase - convert polysaccharides into disachharides
3) Pancreatic lipase - digests fat |
|
|
Term
| How does trypsinogen become its active form? |
|
Definition
| When the duodenal lining secretes enterokinase |
|
|
Term
| How does chymotrypsinogen become chymotrypsin? |
|
Definition
| By the secretion of trypsin |
|
|
Term
| How does procarboxypeptidase become carboxypeptidase? |
|
Definition
| By the secretion of trypsin |
|
|
Term
| Bile has 4 components, which component serves as the fat emulsifier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein is released by the duodenum when it becomes acidic? What is the function of this hormone? |
|
Definition
Secretin which functions to inhibit gastric secretions and promote duct cells to release aqueous buffer solution
This ultimately maintains the pH of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CCK? |
|
Definition
| To optimize the conditions for digesting fats by inhibiting gastric secretions and promting acinar cells to release lipase and stimulates the secretion of bile |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary method of motility in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does segmentation do in respect to chyme? |
|
Definition
| Mixes it and propels it forward |
|
|
Term
| Segmentation is initiated by what type of cells? |
|
Definition
| Pacemaker cells in the smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Migrating motility complex occurs between meals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of motility is characterized by weak peristalsis contractions starting at the stomach and moving into the ileum? |
|
Definition
| Migrating motility complex |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Small intestine secretion contains various digestive enzymes |
|
Definition
False
Contains mostly water, mucus, and salts |
|
|
Term
| Where do enzymes of the small intestine act within? |
|
Definition
| The brush border membrane of the epithelial cells a.k.a. microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme of the small intestines break down carbohydrates? How does they work? |
|
Definition
| Disaccharidases which work by hydrolyzing disaccharides into monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is the source for aminopeptidases? Where do they act? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine epithelial cells and they act within the microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin b12 and bile absorbed within the small intestin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The lining of the small intestine is replace about every 20 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed within the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pancreatic lipase after bile emulsifies lipids? |
|
Definition
| To break the fat droplets into monoglycerides and free fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| After monoglycerides and free fatty acids are formed, what is the next step of lipid digestion. |
|
Definition
| Monosaccharides and free fatty acids complex with bile salts and become surrounded by micelles which then move to the absorbing epithelial surface of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Once a micelle reaches the absorbing epithelial surface, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| The micelle releases the free fatty acid and monoglyceride and it crosses the lipid epithelial layer. |
|
|
Term
| Once monoglycerides and free fatty acids cross the epithelial layer, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| They complex and form triglycerides which aggregate and become coated with lipoproteins. |
|
|
Term
| Once a chylomicron is formed, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| It cannot cross the basement membrane so therefore it enters the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the colon? |
|
Definition
| To extract water from undigested small intestine residues |
|
|
Term
| What are/is taeniae coli? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal bands of muscle within the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pouches or sacs of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Haustra of the colon remain in the same position at all times. |
|
Definition
False
Haustra actively change location as a result of contraction of circular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Describe Haustral contraction and compare it to segmentation. |
|
Definition
| Haustral contractions are similar to segmentation but slower. With haustral contractions, contents shuffle back and forth between adjacent haustra which allows absorption to occur |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The large intestine secretes only a small amount of enzymes |
|
Definition
False
NO enzymes are secreted |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of the mucus within the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Protection and feces movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the alkaline solution within the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| To neutralize acids produced by normal flora |
|
|
Term
| What digestion occurs within the large intestine? |
|
Definition
None that benefit humans.
Bacteria digest cellulose for their own use |
|
|
Term
| What type of absorption occurs within the large intestine? |
|
Definition
Active absorption of Na+ and Cl- and H2O passively follows.
Absorption of vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What volume of fluid is absorbed by the small intestine each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What volume of fluid enters the large intestine from the small intestine each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What volume of fluid is absorbed by the colon perday? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What volume of fluid is excreted from the colon in feces each day? |
|
Definition
| 150 mL or 150 g since 1 mL of H20 weighs 1 gram |
|
|
Term
| What is the main component of the fundus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells control peristaltic contractions of the stomach? Where can these be found? |
|
Definition
| Pacesetter cells found in the greater curvature of the fundus |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The majority of mixing within the stomach occurs within the body and the fundus |
|
Definition
False
Occurs within the antrum |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The antrum is composed of thick smooth muscle which gives it strong contractions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Haustra are unique to the large intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory quotient? |
|
Definition
| RQ = volume CO2 produced / volume O2 consumed |
|
|
Term
| For protein, what is the RQ? How is it calculated? |
|
Definition
| 200 mL/min divided by 250 mL/min = 0.8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 basic steps for internal respiration? What occurs during each? |
|
Definition
Ventilation - air moved in and out of lungs
Diffusion - gases exchanged between air in alveoli and blood
Blood Flow - gases transported by blood-lung tissue
Diffusion - gases exchanged between blood and tissue |
|
|
Term
| What do the respiratory airways conduct air between? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 functions of the respiratory airways? |
|
Definition
1) Filter air
2) Warm inspired air
3) Humidify inspired air
4) non-respiratory functions |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of airways cells of the lungs? (3 functions) |
|
Definition
| To line airways, secrete mucouse, remove macrophages that contain bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar cells are a sub-class of what major type of cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a Type I, epithelial, alveolar cell? |
|
Definition
| To cover 95% of the alveolar surface |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a Type II, epithelial, alveolar cell? What is special about these type of cells? |
|
Definition
To release lipid-protein complex that reduces surface tension (pulmonary surfactant).
These type of cells can divide and differentiate into Type I cells |
|
|
Term
| Which lung cells function to maintain connective tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lung ENDOthelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of alveolar macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two lung structures are responsible for bulk from of air in and out of the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bronchioles and how do they relate to the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| Bronchioles are small, flexible airways that expand and contract with the alveoli of the lung |
|
|
Term
| Where does most gas exchange occur within the pulmonary system? Can it occur elsewhere? |
|
Definition
| Most occurs in alveoli but some can occur in the respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What are gas exchanging alveoli and what encircles them, if anything? |
|
Definition
| They are small, thin walled, inflatable air sacs encircled by a jacket of pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the total surface area of Gas exchanging alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How large is the barrier which separates air in the alveoli from blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes are there in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the lungs from the thoracic wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pleural sac and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| The plueral sac is a double-walled closed sac within the pleural cavity. It function to separate the lungs from the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
True or False:
There is fluid between the two walls of the pleural sac. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is atmospheric pressure and what is the typical numeric value at sea level? |
|
Definition
ATM pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere
760 mmHg at sea level |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Intrapulmonary pressure and intra-alveolar pressure are synonymous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Intrapulmonary pressure changes with inspiration and expiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Intrapleural pressure is normally the same as atmospheric pressure. |
|
Definition
False
It is usually less slightly less than atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is a typical value for the transmural pressure gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the lungs remain in tight apposition within the thoracic cavity even though they are smaller than the cavity itself? |
|
Definition
| Because of intrapleural-fluid surface tension and the transmural pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
| What is boyles law, and what is the equation? |
|
Definition
Pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume
P1V1 = P2V2
In another words, as volume increase, pressure decreases, vice-versa |
|
|
Term
| What is pneumothorax? (Generally and specifically) |
|
Definition
| Collapsed lung or an accumulation of air in the space around the lungs |
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|
Term
| How does pneumothorax arise? |
|
Definition
| Intrapleural pressure increases and there is less gradient |
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|
Term
| How can you tell if a small child is having trouble breathing? |
|
Definition
| If the abdominal muscles are contracting because they are involved in active respiration and active respiration is used during heavy exercise and respiratory distress |
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Term
| Specifically, how does bulk flow of the lungs occur? |
|
Definition
| Occurs from intra-alveolar pressure changes brought about indirectly by respiratory muscle activity |
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Term
| What happens to intrapleural pressure and intraalveolar pressure during inspiration? |
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Definition
| They both decrease to allow airflow into the lungs |
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|
Term
| What are the two major muscle groups involved with inspiration? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
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|
Term
| How could one get their accessory inpiratory muscles to contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major muscle groups of active expiration? Do these muscles contract or relax during expiration? |
|
Definition
Internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles.
Both contract during active expiration |
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|
Term
| What is a typical value for intrapleural pressure while resting, while inhaling, and while exhaling? |
|
Definition
Resting - 756
Inhaling - 754
Exhaling - 756 |
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Term
| What is a typical value for intra-alveolar pressure while resting, while inhaling, and while exhaling? |
|
Definition
Resting - 760
Inhaling - 759
Exhaling - 761 |
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|
Term
| If a patient has COPD, what is a major determinant in airflow rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation to determine airflow rate? |
|
Definition
| Airflow = Change in pressure / resistance of airways |
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|
Term
True or False:
An allergy induced spasm is likely to induce bronchodilation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Epinephrine is likely to induce bronchodilation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does an increase in CO2 have on the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does an increase in O2 have on the pulmonary arterioles? Decrease in O2? How does this compare to systemic arterioles? |
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Definition
Pulmonary arteries - Increase O2 leads to vasodilation while decreased O2 leads to vasoconstriction
This is the EXACT OPPOSITE of what occurs within the systemic arterioles |
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|
Term
| Specifically, how could one classify asthma? |
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Definition
| An acute edema of the lung walls caused by constriction and plugging airways |
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Term
| How could one classify chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| Long term inflammation of bronchioles associated with airway thickening and plugging |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collapse of smaller airways (bronchioles) and the breakdown of alveolar walls |
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Term
| If one is having trouble breathing, what is the best approach to solve the problem? |
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Definition
| Deep slow breathing since it does NOT compress the small airways |
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|
Term
| What causes compliance of the lungs? |
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Definition
| Volume change or pressure change |
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Term
| If one has low compliance or stiff lung, what is a likely disease? What about high compliance? |
|
Definition
Low - Pulmonary edema or asbestosis
High - emphysema |
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|
Term
| What is the equation for LaPlace's Law? |
|
Definition
| Pressure = 2 X surface tension/radius |
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|
Term
True or False:
Large alveoli tend to collapse into smaller ones |
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Definition
False
Small collapse into large |
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|
Term
| Why does newborn respiratory distress syndrome arise? |
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Definition
| Because Type II cells develop late in gestation causing a deficiency in pulmonary surfactant |
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|
Term
| What effect does decreasing pulmonary compliance have on the energy expenditure for breathing? |
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Definition
| Increases energy needed for breathing |
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|
Term
True or False
If you increase airway resistance, it will be harder to breath, energy wise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
If you increase elastic recoil, your work for breathing will increase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal ranges for lung volumes duringa respiratory cycle and what are the extreme values? |
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Definition
| 2-2.5 liters normally but and span from 1-5.5 liters |
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|
Term
| What is lung tidal volume? Numerical value? |
|
Definition
| Volume of air entering or leaving lungs on a single breath. Normally 500 mL |
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|
Term
| What is the inspiratory reserve volume and what is the numerical value? |
|
Definition
| Extra volume over tidal volume. Normally 3000 mL |
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|
Term
| What term refers to the maximum volume that can be inspired from the lungs functional residual capacity? What is the typical volume? |
|
Definition
Inspiratory capcaity
3500 mL |
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|
Term
| What is the expiratory reserve volume? What is the numerical value? |
|
Definition
Maximum volume which can be exhaled from the functional residual capacity
1000 mL |
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|
Term
| What term refers to the minimal volume remaining in the lungs? What is the numerical value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional residual capacity? How does it differ from residual volume? What is the numerical value? |
|
Definition
Volume or air at the end of passive exhalation
Differs because Residual volume is after a forced exhalation while FRC is passive
2200 mL |
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|
Term
| What is the lung vital capacity? Numerical value too? |
|
Definition
Maximum volume of air moved in or out in single breath
4500 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the numerical value for total lung capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the numerical value for the forced expiratory volume 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person has a residual volume and a functional residual capacity abnormally high, what disease is likely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Restrictive lung disease affects residual volume. |
|
Definition
False
It affects total lung capacity |
|
|
Term
| What is the lung vital capacity? Numerical value too? |
|
Definition
Maximum volume of air moved in or out in single breath
4500 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the numerical value for total lung capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the numerical value for the forced expiratory volume 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person has a residual volume and a functional residual capacity abnormally high, what disease is likely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Restrictive lung disease affects residual volume. |
|
Definition
False
It affects total lung capacity |
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|
Term
True or False
Oxygen enters and CO2 leaves the blood in the lungs passively down partial pressure gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The alveolar air/blood O2 and CO2 fluxuates during the respiratory cycle |
|
Definition
False
It remains relatively constant |
|
|
Term
| What is the passive partial pressurse of oxygen in the atmosphere, alveolar air, and tissues/cells? |
|
Definition
Atmosphere 152
Alveolar air 100
Tissue/cell 40 |
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|
Term
| What is the passive partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere, alveolar air, and tissue/cells |
|
Definition
Atmosphere 0.3
Alveolar air 40
Tissues/cells 46 |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for fick's law of diffusion? |
|
Definition
| Rate of gas transfer = D * A * (p1-p2) / T |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of hemoglobin saturation within systemic capillaries? Pulmonary? |
|
Definition
systemic - 75 percent
pulmonary - 98.5 percent |
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|
Term
| What is the primary determinant regarding hemoglobin saturation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is significant of the plateau portion of the hemoglobin curve? |
|
Definition
| Small changes in PO2 result in small changes in percent hemoglobin saturation |
|
|
Term
| What is significant of the steep potion of the hemoglobin curve? |
|
Definition
| small changes in PO2 result in LARGE changes in percent hemoglobin saturation |
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|
Term
| What promotes the net transfer of O2 from the alveoli to the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin AT THE LUNGS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin at the tissue level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate O2 consumption at rest? During exercise? |
|
Definition
Rest - 250 mL/min
Exercise - 4000 mL/min |
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|
Term
True or False
The Haldane effect claims that CO2 and acid reduce the affinity of Hemoglobin for oxygen. |
|
Definition
False
This is explaining the Bohr effect
The Haldane effect claims that the removal of oxygen from Hb increases the ability for Hb to pick up waste products |
|
|
Term
| What is the Haldane effect? |
|
Definition
| Removal of O2 from Hb increases the ability of Hb to pick up waste products |
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|
Term
| What is CO2 transported in the blood as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to CO2 transport, what is a chloride shift? |
|
Definition
| Inward shift of ions due to bicarbonate outflux |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Hemoglobin prefers to bind oxygen rather than carbon monoxide |
|
Definition
False
Carbon monoxide is 240 times more likely to bind to hemoglobin than oxygen |
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|
Term
| Regarding CO2 transport, what is the role of ventilation in acid-base balance? |
|
Definition
| Increased ventilation leads to a decrease in H+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hypoxic hypoxia and anemic hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Hypoxic - low arterial PO2 and % saturation
Anemic - reduced O2 carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between circulatory hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Circulatory - reduced blood flow
Histotoxic - unable to use O2 |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between hypercapnia and hypocapnia? |
|
Definition
Hyper - excess CO2, elevates H+
Hypo - Low CO2, decreases H+ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of O2 in the air, respiratory impairment or inability of tissues to use O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blueness of skin due to insufficient oxygenated blood in arteries |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the perception of difficult of labored breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for normal breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
If somebody has undergone respiratory arrest, they have a permanent cessation of breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where could one find the central chemoreceptors in the brain? |
|
Definition
| In the Medulla within the vicinity of the medullary respiratory center |
|
|
Term
| What two structures are found within the Pons respiratory center? |
|
Definition
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic Center |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 structures found within the medullary respiratory center? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal group, ventral group, pre-botzinger complex |
|
|
Term
| Where is the main respiratory center located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pre-botzinger complex? |
|
Definition
| To generate basic rhythm of respiration and to supply signals to the dorsal respiratory group |
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|
Term
| What area of the brain functions to contract inspiratory muscles? How does this occur? (Answer is a group within the meduallary respiratory center) |
|
Definition
| When neurons in the Dorsal Respiratory Group fire, inspiratory muscles contract |
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|
Term
What area of the brain is this describing:
The ________ has inspiratory neurons and expiratory neurons only active when ventilation is increased above normal |
|
Definition
| Ventral Respiratory group |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center of the brain? |
|
Definition
Pneumotaxic - switch off inspiratory neurons
Apneustic - Prevents switch off of inspiratory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonged inspiratory gasps with brief expirations |
|
|
Term
| What is the hering-breuer reflex? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary stretch receptors fire and inhibit inspiratory neurons. Ultimately, this limits deep inhalation |
|
|
Term
What type of receptor is this describing:
Hydrogen ion sensitive receptor found in the medulla. When activated, this receptor is the main drive of respiratory response in normal adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of peripherial chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
| Carotid bodies and aortic bodies |
|
|
Term
| Where is one likely to find lung irritant receptors? |
|
Definition
| In the extra-pulmonary airways |
|
|
Term
What type of receptor is this describing:
Large myelinated afferents from muscle spindles and articular region. May function in modulation of ventilation during exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main regulator for the rate of ventilation? |
|
Definition
| CO2 generated H+ ion concentration in the brains extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| If ones arterial oxygen pressure is less than 60 mmHg, how can the body bring it back to normal value? |
|
Definition
| By triggering the peripheral chemoreceptors which will stimulate the medullary respiratory center to increase ventilation and will ultimately raise pressure back to normal |
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|
Term
| If ones arterial CO2 pressure is above normal, how can the body bring it back to normal value? |
|
Definition
| The CO2 increase will make the cerebrospinal fluid more acidic, this will trigger the central chemoreceptors to stimulate the medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and will decrese arterial CO2 pressure |
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|
Term
| If one has an increase in H+ ion concentration that is NOT associated with carbonic acid, how can they bring their levels back to normal? |
|
Definition
| By stimulating the peripheral chemoreceptors which will stimulate the meduallry respiratory center to increase ventilation which will ultimately decrease arterial PCO2 |
|
|
Term
| What effect does epinephrine have on ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
An increase in body temperature will decrease the rate of ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
CO poisoning does NOT affect the rate of ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does a person die when becoming hypoxic |
|
Definition
| Because there is no longer carbon dioxide to provide the H+ ions to stimulate the central chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
True or False:
100% oxygen environments have a profound effect on CSF pressure and may induce vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does a 100% oxygen environment kill somebody? |
|
Definition
| Because 100% oxygen will raise the arterial oxygen pressure which will shut off the peripheral stimulus to respiration since the central chemorecptors will not have a chance to adapt |
|
|
Term
True or False:
If a person is exposed to 100% oxygen, they will experience hyperventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the body need nitrogen in order to survive? |
|
Definition
| Because without nitrogen, the lungs will completely collapse because the body will remove all O2 by circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collapse of the lung to the point that it is air less |
|
|
Term
| Describe the auto-immune response the body undergoes as a result of being exposed to a 100% oxygen environment. |
|
Definition
| A 100% oxygen environment will generate free radicals, which will trigger a significant inflammatory response. The body views the inflammatory response as an infection and the body will attack the inflammatory cells. As a result of this attack, the inflammatory cells will injure the normal, healthy lung cells and can be potentially fatal |
|
|
Term
| What phase of digestion occurs before food enters the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin released from the duodenum stimulates the pancreas to release what? |
|
Definition
| Aqueous alkaline solution |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The intrinsic nerve plexuses coordinate local activity in the digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Bile aids in fat digestion by stabilizing small fat droplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Proteins are the only nutrient which undergoes digestion ONLY in the small intestine. |
|
Definition
False
This is describing fats |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Receptive relaxation takes place in the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the alveolar PO2 is 100 mmHg, the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries in a normal person will have a PO2 of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Breathing during extreme exercise and conditions of respiratory distress typically involve contraction of what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory and expiratory muscles |
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