Term
| The cerebellum is a ______; it compares the intended movement with the actual performance & corrects errors in subsequent movements through motor learning |
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Definition
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| Cerebellar lesions do not cause paralysis, but uncoordinated movements of the limbs, trunk, & eyes (_____), impaired balance, loss of muscle tone, & inability to update motor programs |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer gray matter of the cerebellum, the ______, is deeply folded to form rounded transverse folia & is divided into anterior, posterior, & flocculonodular lobes |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mediolateral dimension, the cerebellum is divided into a central ______ & ______/______ hemispheres |
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Definition
| vermis; intermediate & lateral |
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Term
| Inputs & outputs to the cerebellum travel through the superior, middle, & inferior _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Buried in the white matter of the cerebellum is additional gray matter, the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ cerebellar nucleus is the lateral most & largest |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ cerebellar nuclei are paired |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ cerebellar nucleus is the medial most |
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Definition
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Term
| All afferents to the cerebellar cortex also give off collaterals to the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Each cerebellar hemisphere coordinates movements on the ______ side |
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Definition
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Term
| Each deep cerebellar nucleus is connected to a different region of the cerebellar cortex, forming parallel functioning systems: ______, ______, & ______ |
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Definition
| vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum |
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Term
| The _____ receives sensory information mainly from sensorimotor cortices & projects back to premotor areas, forming a parallel system to the basal ganglia for motor planning & programming |
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Definition
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Term
| Through the corticopontine circuit, the ______ receives motor input regarding the intended movement, i.e. efference copy |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinocerebellum receives peripheral sensory information regarding the evolving movement & then mediates ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The vestibulocerebellum in the _____ lobe receives mainly vestibular input |
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Definition
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Term
| The vestibulocerebellum is the only cerebellar division to receive direct ______ from primary sensory afferents |
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Definition
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Term
| The output of the vestibulocerebellum is directed to the ______, which relay information to the spinal cord for control of proximal muscles used in balance & to ______ for reflexive eye movements |
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Definition
| vestibular nuclei; oculomotor nuclei |
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Term
| Damage to the flocculonodular lobe causes ______ & disturbances of equilibrium (______) with a wide-based standing position |
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Definition
| nystagmus; truncal ataxia |
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Term
| The ______ consists of both the vermis & intermediate hemispheres |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ receives vestibular, auditory, somatosensory, & visual information |
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Definition
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Term
| The vermis transmits to the ______ nucleus which regulates medial descending pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ of the spinocerebellum receives somatosensory input via spinocerebellar & trigeminal pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| The output of the vermis via the _____ nucleus is relayed primarily to the descending vestibulospinal & reticulospinal pathways to adjust movements of the proximal musculature |
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Definition
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Term
| Inputs to the _____ spinocerebellar system include proprioceptive information from distal body parts & cortical input via pontocerebellar fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| The intermediate division relays output via the _____ nuclei to the rubrospinal pathway & then through the VL thalamus to the corticospinal tract |
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Definition
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Term
| The intermediate system adjusts movements of the ______ musculature |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinocerebellum is ______ organized, so that deficits caused by lesions depend on their precise location |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the ______ of the vermis produce unsteadiness of walking (gait ataxia), suggesting that cerebellar outputs normally modify the central pattern generators for walking |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with vermis damage may also show facial disorders like ______ (slurred, slow speech) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cerebellar damage & permanent nystagmust, ataxia, & other neurological problems (______) |
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Definition
| Wernicke's encephalopathy |
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Term
| Damage to the intermediate zone leads to limb ataxia & ______ (errors in the smoothness & direction of targeting movements) |
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Definition
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Term
| The inability to target an object at the end of a reach, with constant over & undershooting, creates the condition known as ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the interposed or fastigial nuclei lead to _____, apparently from lack of excitatory drive to descending pathways that activate A gamma motor neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebrocerebellum is innervated exclusively by the _____ nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| The output of the cerebrocerebellum is directed toward the _____ nucleus, which relays back to the premotor cortex via the VL thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebrocerebellum assists the premotor regions in _______ |
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Definition
| selecting the most efficient motor program |
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Term
| Lesions of the cerebrocerebellum cause ______ of movements |
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Definition
| delayed termination & initiation |
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Term
| _______ is the term for errors in smoothness & direction of targeting movements |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the inability to perform a series of rapid alternating movements |
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Definition
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Term
| ION inputs constitute the _____ & have powerful effects on cerebellar activity & mediate motor learning |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ layer has many connections but sparse neurons: basket cells & stellate cells |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ layer contains a single row of large, isoplanar Purkinje neurons that form the sole output of the cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ layer has densely packed granule cells & occasional Golgi cells |
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Definition
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Term
| One ______ contacts up to 10 Purkinje cells through proximal synapses |
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Definition
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Term
| Powerful excitatory contacts from climbing fibers drive bursts of action potentials called ______ in Purkinje cells |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are direct cerebellar afferents from multiple sources but they innervate Purkinje cells indirectly |
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Definition
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Term
| Mossy fibers excite 50-60 ______ dendrites, whose axons ascend to the molecular layer & branch at right angles to form parallel fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of ______ leads to feedback inhibition of the granule cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Golgi cells also get some mossy fiber input & therefore create ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Parallel fibers synapse onto _____, whose distal connections to Purkinje cells mediate only weak inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
| Basket cells mediate ______ inhibition on the Purkinje cell |
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Definition
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Term
| The axons of basket cells branch perpendicular to the long axis of the folia, so that they inhibit Purkinje cells lateral to those that are excited by the parallel fibers (i.e. ______) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the ability to update motor programs with practice to improve effectiveness & efficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| Climbing fiber influence on mossy fiber influence on Purkinje cell activity forms the basis for ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The complex spikes appear to adjust the Purkinje cell response to the parallel fiber via a form of plasticity called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______ interaction is when one synapse modifies the strength of another synapse |
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Definition
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