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| Great Schism divides papacy |
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| Council of Constance ends the Great Schism; burns Hus |
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| Conquest of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks; end of Hundred Years' War |
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| Inquisition begins in Spain |
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| Spain conquers Muslim stronghold of Granada; expels the Jews |
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| Luther composes ninety-five theses to challenge Catholic church |
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| Luther publishes three treatises; Zwingli breaks from Rome |
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| Colloquy of Marburg assembles to address disagreements between German and Swiss church reformers |
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| Henry VIII breaks with Rome; Affair of the Placards in France |
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| Jesuits (Society of Jesus) established as new Catholic order |
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| Catholic Council of Trent condemns Protestant beliefs and confirms church doctrine and sacraments |
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| Peace of Augsburg end religious wars and recognizes Habsburg and Valois rulers |
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