Term
|
Definition
| monitors stimuli and these sensory events are transferred into changes in the cells membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| which lenghts of light spectrum can human see |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does colors disperse along the light spectrum we see |
|
Definition
roy g biv
760-380nm
red is 800nm
violent is 400nm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does brightness describe the light and what happens to light with decreasing brightness |
|
Definition
| its a measure of intensity of light. with decreasing brightness the color goes to brown then black |
|
|
Term
| what is saturation of light |
|
Definition
| the relative purity of the light |
|
|
Term
| what are three layers of eye |
|
Definition
sclera
pigment epithelium
retina
(goes from outside to inside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tough opaque outer coating of eye but at front of eye is is transparent
-for protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jerky movement of eyes when scanning a visual scene |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the fovea |
|
|
Term
| how do you make you eyes move more slowly |
|
Definition
| looking at your finger while you moving it around |
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|
Term
| what regulates the amount of light that enters the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the changes in shape of the lens to focus on images of near or distant objects on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to a sphincter muscle. circular band of muscle around the lens that is attached by ligaments and changes the shape of lens for accommodation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains blood vessels and nourishes photo receptors
-contains melanin
-at anterior has muscle groups which allow eye to adjusted for change in amount of light and diffraction and focal point |
|
|
Term
| why doesn't light just reflect all around inside eye |
|
Definition
| -the pigment in form of melanin which adsorbs light |
|
|
Term
| why do albinos have poor vision |
|
Definition
| light bounces around and lose ability to code topography of where light is on retina so its hard to tell where light is coming from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -receptor cells (rods and cones) of the retina |
|
|
Term
| how and what muscle is in iris |
|
Definition
| -smooth muscles layer on top of each other and increase the size of the pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dilator muscles
sphincter muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscles radiate outwards like spokes on bicycle from the pupil
-adrenergic
-enlarges pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-concentric circles of muscle around pupil
-cholinergic
-shrinks pupli |
|
|
Term
| shape of lens when looking close or far away |
|
Definition
| lens is flat when looking far away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -accretion where by new tissue is added to outside |
|
|
Term
| how does way lens grow effect vision |
|
Definition
| new tissue just grows over old tissue and eventually lens can't get rid of waste or receive nutrients as well so this causes cataracts and decreases accommodation for distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rods and cones or also called photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| how is light slowed through lens |
|
Definition
| -light is slowed through more dense material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of a material to slow light i.e. regular speed of light divided by slowed speed. the higher the number the slower the light is |
|
|
Term
| what part of eye makes up 80 percent of the refractory power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| best way for lens to refract light more |
|
Definition
| -change angle of incidence so lens becomes more curved to maintain focal length if object gets very close |
|
|
Term
| how is farsightedness qualified in a person's eye |
|
Definition
| focal point is past the fovea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the blind spot in vision |
|
Definition
| produced by the optic disk |
|
|
Term
| why is there a blind spot in vision |
|
Definition
| there are no receptors in the optic disk |
|
|
Term
| what runs through the optic disk |
|
Definition
-where the axons conveying visual info gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve
-emergence of 2nd cranial nerve
-blood vessels coming in and out |
|
|
Term
| most prevalent in the central retina and fovea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensitive to moderate to high levels of light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide information about hue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most prevalent in the peripheral retina and not in fovea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensitive to low levels of light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide only monochromatic information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of rods and cones |
|
Definition
| outer segment connected by a cilium to an inner segment which contains the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin plates of membrane in the outer segment of rods and cones |
|
|
Term
| where is the photopigment found |
|
Definition
| in the membrane of the lamellae |
|
|
Term
| what is contained inside inner segment of rods and cones |
|
Definition
nucleus
ribosomes
mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of inner segment of rods and cones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place of contact between photodetectors and bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is best way to describe light when accounting f or how light gets into rods and cones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What word to write on exam for bonus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are horizontal cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are amacrine cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmit info in a direction parallel to the surface of the retina and combine messages from adjacent photoreceptors and outer processes of bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmit info in a direction parallel to the surface of the retina and combine messages from adjacent ganglion cells and inner processes of biopolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what makes up photopigment |
|
Definition
| opsin a protein and retinal a lipid |
|
|
Term
| layers of retinal circuitry |
|
Definition
start:ganglion cell layer
then:bipolar cell layer
end:photoreceptor layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -consists of rod opsin and retinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -starts off bent (11-cis retinal) in the dark and the light straightens it out and it decomposes into rod opsin and retinal which produces the change in the membrane potential of the photoreceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there action potential for rods and cones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is potential described for retinal circuitry |
|
Definition
| continuous change in the difference in outer segment and synaptic terminal |
|
|
Term
| describe change in electric potential in rod |
|
Definition
-wall of inner segment has na-k pump
-na enters outer segment in the dark and pump maintain inner segment at -30mv (depolarization) then light closes na channel in outer segment so it goes to -70mv(hyper polarization) |
|
|
Term
| what is released in dark in rods and what is affect on the retinal circuitry |
|
Definition
| glutamate is released and has inhibitory effect on bipolar and excitatory on ganglion cell |
|
|
Term
| optic path out of ganglion cell |
|
Definition
-cranial nerve 2 goes to the optic chiasm
-and go down optic tract to synapse at the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
-then axon goes to synapse at occipital cortex or the striate cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pathway from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of retinal disparity |
|
Definition
| coding for depth and subtle differences in vision in each eye due to the overlap |
|
|
Term
| how does cranial nerve run out of retina on each eye i.e. what is wiring pattern |
|
Definition
nasal side of right eye is for right visual field and crosses the optic chiasm
nasal side of left eye is for left visual field and crosses the optic chiasm
temporal side of right eye is for left visual field and doesn't cross
temporal side of left eye is for right visual field and doesn't cross |
|
|
Term
| how does nervous system extract info |
|
Definition
| simple wiring pattern similar to the senses i.e. retinotopic or topographic configuration |
|
|
Term
| how does a person have bitemperal hemianopsia and what is it |
|
Definition
| severe optic chiasm and get tunnel vision i.e. periphery is gone |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you severe left optic tract after on chiasm |
|
Definition
| the right side of each eye's vision is cut off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant microelectrode in a cell in vision pathway and shine light on retina and find what part of retina that cell is referring too |
|
|
Term
| why is vision more acute at in center of vision |
|
Definition
| there is only one ganglion cell devoted to one photoreceptor as opposed to multiple photoreceptors converging on one ganglion cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on in response to light in center and off in surroundings |
|
|
Term
| off center receptive cell |
|
Definition
| off in response to light in center and on in surroundings |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of on/off cells in life |
|
Definition
| visual reflexes and not direct role in form perception |
|
|
Term
| the excitation and inhibition diagram of on center cells |
|
Definition
| photoreceptor (-) bipolar (+) ganglion |
|
|
Term
| the excitation and inhibition diagram of off center cells |
|
Definition
| photoreceptor (+) bipolar (+) ganglion |
|
|
Term
| how they learned about lateral inhibition initially |
|
Definition
| by way of the limulus which had large individual lens with single photo receptor i.e ommatidium. and when light is shown on one and output went up but with light on one and simultaneously on neighboring photodectors and output decreases |
|
|
Term
| how does lateral inhibition help mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes a gradient to form when there isn't technically one there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the nature and design of receptor cells in horizontal configuration |
|
Definition
1-2-3-4-5-6-7 (with light shown on 3,4,5
3 4 5 excited with 3 and 5 being most excited
2 and 6 are most inhibited |
|
|
Term
| how is lateral geniculate nucleus arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layers in lateral gen. nuc. do lower animals need to see |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can layer one and two in lat. gen nuc do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does size of receptive field in thalamus differ from before and why |
|
Definition
| it is bigger due to convergence |
|
|
Term
| in cortex what format of light gives best response |
|
Definition
| gradual change in light to dark of linear arrays |
|
|
Term
| which layers in cortex respond monocularly |
|
Definition
| layer 4 and other 5 layers responds binocular |
|
|
Term
| how do hyper columns respond |
|
Definition
| particular place in space to a line with an orientation |
|
|
Term
| layers 1 and two prefer high or low spatial frequency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does visual angle work with spatial frequency |
|
Definition
-as visual angle go down more info goes to the eye
-spatial frequency is the number of bars you have per degree of visual angle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angle between two adjacent bars of light when they strike the retina |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells exist outside layer four of occipital lobe cortex |
|
Definition
simple
complex
hypercomplex |
|
|
Term
| what does simple cells respond to. |
|
Definition
| -respond to circle of light but linear array of light is better like sine wave gradients |
|
|
Term
| what is pattern of response for simple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one receptive field goes to one simple cell in cortex |
|
|
Term
| how is complex different from simple |
|
Definition
| it is bigger and doesn't have clear inhibitory zones and has coding for movement of bar of light |
|
|
Term
| how is complex cell wired |
|
Definition
| the convergence of receptive fields of multiple simple cells |
|
|
Term
| hyper complex inhibitory zones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does hyper complex respond to |
|
Definition
| movement of light in particular direction |
|
|
Term
| visual association cortex has what two streams |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memory system of previous visual experiences.
with stroke to ventral then u can't recognize dogs or faces
size, shape, color, texture of objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spatial relationship like where we are in space i.e. a cognitive map |
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|
