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| Molten rock containing liquids, crystals, and dissolved gases that forms within the upper part of the Earth's mantle and crust. |
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| the term used for magma once it has erupted onto the Earth's surface. It cools quickly at the surface to form fine grained or porphyritic rocks. |
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-Broad cones, gentle sloping sides, Low Si, High Fe & Mg, Basalt.
-Passive eruption, melt source=oceanic crust/mantle, low silica content, low viscosity, Hawaii. |
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| Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanes) |
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Narrow cones, steeply sloping sides, High Si, Low Fe & Mg, Andesites and rhyolites.
-Explosive reactions, Continental crust melt source, High melt source, high viscosity, Andesite/Rhyolite, Mount St. Helens. |
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| Eruptive Products of Composite Volcanoes |
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Definition
1. Tephra
2. Lava
3. Repeat |
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| A catch-all term for solid material of all sizes explosively ejected from a volcano into the atmosphere. |
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| Pertaining to fragmented (clastic) rock material formed by a volcanic explosion or ejection from a volcanic vent. |
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| Fragments less than 2 mm in diameter of lava or rock blasted into the air by volcanic explosions. |
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A sustained explosive eruption which forms a high, jet-like column of pumice and ash in the atmosphere.
-Commonly last several hours
-Lay down thick layers of pumice as pyroclastic fall deposit.
-May reach well into the stratosphere. |
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| A hot, dry, fast-moving and high-density mix of ash, pumice, rock fragments, and gas formed during explosive eruptions or from the collapse of a lava dome. (aka nuee ardente) |
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| A pyroclastic flow consisting predominantly of ash-sized particles. |
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| Ash falling from an eruption column or ash cloud. |
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| A flowing mixture of water-saturated rock debris that forms on the slopes of a volcano, and moves downslope, sometimes referred to as debris flow or mudflow. |
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| Earthquakes commonly provide the earliest warning of volcanic unrest and earthquake swarms immediately precede most volcanic eruptions. |
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| A continuous rhythmic earthquake that indicates motion of magma below the surface. |
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| Occur when ground motion from upward moving magma displaces the land. |
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| Changes in gas composition or the emission rate may be related to the variation in magma supply rate, change in magma type, or modifications in the pathways of gas escape induced by magma movement. |
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| Measurement of the changing shape of the volcano surface caused by the pressure of magma moving underground. |
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| Large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano. |
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| Smaller, circular depressions created primarily by explosive excavation of rock during eruptions. |
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| Blobs of semi-solid of plastic lava that solidify in air. |
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| Joints that form as lava cools and contracts, occurring on the caldera walls. |
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| Wrangell-St. Elias National Park |
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| A volcano shaped like an inverted warrior's shield with long gentle slopes produced by eruptions of low-viscosity basaltic lava. (Hawaii) |
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| is lava that in solidified form is characterized by a smooth, billowy, or ropey surface. |
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| Lava that has a rough, jagged, spiny, and generally clinkery surface. Dense interior. |
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| a "Curtain of Fire" forms from eruptions out of rift zones. |
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| A tunnel formed when the surface of a lava flow cools and solidifies, while the still-molten interior flows through and drains away. |
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| A small lobe originating as an outbreak of lava from the molten interior of a previously formed lobe. |
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| A single unit of lava that is surrounded by a chilled crust and can vary in size from 10 cm-km. |
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| Form when lava comes up through a vent in a viscous or pre-hardened state. |
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| Where a break in the solid lava surface allows a view of lava flowing below. |
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| Where lava flows around a tree. |
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| Caused when sea water invades the hot lava-tube system and flashes to steam. The expanding steam blows a thin-walled bubble of lava through the roof of the tube and hurls spatter onto the bench. |
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| A vent that releases volcanic gases, including water vapor (steam). |
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| a volcanic dome this is rising due to upward movement of magma in a magma chamber. |
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| 4 Types of Geothermal Features in Yellowstone |
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Definition
| Hot springs, Mudpots, Fumaroles, Geysers. |
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| Ground water is heated by magma below the surface and flows to the surface. |
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| Steam rises through groundwater that has dissolved surrounding rocks into clay. |
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| Intermittent fountain of hot water in which hot columns of water are ejected with great force. |
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| calcium carbonate precipitates from the hot spring water building these. |
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| Composed of the mineral opal. |
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| built from blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. |
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| Lava fragments about 1 cm in diameter. Erupted as fragmented blobs of lava and solidify in the air. |
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Definition
1. Eruption
2. Formation of cone and crater
3. Lava flow |
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| Huge clots of molten lava burst form the summit crater. Lava clots combine to stream down the slopes in fiery rivulets. |
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| When hot, semi-solid plastic basalt lava squeezes up through a fracture. It scrapes the jagged, solid sides, creating grooves in the plastic-like mass. |
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| form when blobs spatter up through a vent in a viscous or pre-hardened state. |
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| a foreign crystal in an igneous rock. These rock fragments are brought up to the surface from depth by volcanic processes. |
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| occurs when the corners of a rock weather faster causing the rocks to become rounded. |
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