Term
| Which division of the PNS innervates smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which division of the PNS innervates organs? Glands? |
|
Definition
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| What is the key feature of an autonomic nerve pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the preganglionic neuron originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one describe the preganglionic neuron pathway? |
|
Definition
| preganglionic neuron originates in the CNS and synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic fiber outside the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Which type of neuron sends axons that end on the effector organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CNS sends a signal down the _____________________. The ______________ then attaches to the ______________. A signal then passes down the ________________ which then releases a _______________ to the effector organ |
|
Definition
Preganglionic fiber
preganglionic neurotransmitter
autonomic ganglion
postganglionic fiber
postganglionic neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| What division of the autonomic nervous system is referred to as fight or flight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| To prepare body for strenuous physical activity. |
|
|
Term
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system dominates in emergency or stressful situations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What division of the autonomic nervous system plays a major role in digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division originate? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What do the sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers synapse with and where? (2 names for this location) |
|
Definition
| post-ganglionic cells in the sympathetic ganglion chain or the sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| Where do sympathetic postganglionic fibers originate and where to the end/ |
|
Definition
| Originate in the ganglion chain and end on the effector organs. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from? |
|
Definition
| Cranial and sacral areas of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What and where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse? |
|
Definition
| synapse on postganglionic cells found in the terminal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What is the relative location of terminal ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is wrong with this statement, if anything:
Terminal ganglia lie in or near the effector organ. |
|
Definition
| Everything is correct with this statement |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between postganglionic cells of the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic system contains long postganglionic fibers while the parasympthetic system contains very short postganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
True or False:
B1 and B2 receptors are found in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Muscarnic receptors are found in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
|
Definition
| False, found in the parasympathetic division |
|
|
Term
Why is this statement false:
Preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division are the only fibers which release ACh |
|
Definition
| ALL preganglionic fibers and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release ACh |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines if a cell is cholinergic or adrenergic? |
|
Definition
Cholinergic release ACh
Adrenergic release NE |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Most organs of the body are controlled by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Most sweat glands are innervated only by parasympathetic nerves. |
|
Definition
| False only by "sympathetic nerves" |
|
|
Term
| What type of nerve fibers innervate most arterioles and veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do salivary glands pose an exception to the dual innervation rule? |
|
Definition
| Although they are stimulated by both divisions, each division stimulates a different form of saliva |
|
|
Term
| How does sympathetic activity affect the force of contraction of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of the blood vessels. |
|
Definition
| False, it would vasoconstrict |
|
|
Term
| What affect does the parasympathetic division play on the lungs? (2) |
|
Definition
| Constricts bronchioles and stimulates mucus secretion |
|
|
Term
| What effect would the contraction of digestive sphincters play during digestion? |
|
Definition
| it would prevent forward movement of contents |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the sympathetic division play with the urinary bladder? What about the parasympathetic division? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic division relaxes the bladder while the parasympathetic division contracts to empty the bladder |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The parasympathetic division plays a major role with adipose cells and the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are in fight or flight, would you rather adjust your eyes for far vision or close vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the parasympatheic system play with the adrenal medulla? Why? |
|
Definition
| None because the adrenal medulla secretes E and NE which are sympathetic hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two cholinergic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four adrenergic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does an autonomic antagonist work? |
|
Definition
| The antagonist molecule binds to the receptor and blocks the neurotransmitter response |
|
|
Term
| What type of drug would you use to treat asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drug would be used to treat a fast heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drug would be used to treat overactive bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brain structure is directly responsible for autonomic output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brain structure plays a role in integrating autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are autonomic reflexes integrated at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where to axons of motor neurons originate and where do they end? |
|
Definition
| Originate in the spinal cord or brain stem and end on skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter stimulates muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role do motor neurons play in the CNS having control over skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| They serve as the final common pathway by which the CNS exerts control over skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Where does ACh bind to and where are these located? |
|
Definition
| ACh binds to special receptor channels on the motor end plate of a neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
| How is an end plate potential produced? |
|
Definition
| Ion movements depolarize the motor end plate causing EPP |
|
|
Term
| How is an action potential produced at the neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
| Local current flow between depolarized end plate and adjacent membrane triggers an action potential |
|
|
Term
| How do valves open and close? Why? |
|
Definition
| Passively becaus elf pressure differences |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the right av valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two other names for the left av valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of valves prevent back flow during relaxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What interconnects cardiac fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two types of junctions do intercalated discs contain? |
|
Definition
| Desmosomes and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
True or false,
The majority of cardiac cells are autorhythmic. |
|
Definition
| False only one percent are |
|
|
Term
| Which type of cardiac cells present pacemaker activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a pacemaker potential. |
|
Definition
| Slow depolarization in between action potentials |
|
|
Term
| What channels open during a pacemaker potential and which way do the ions flow. |
|
Definition
| Na and ca channels both flow in |
|
|
Term
| During a pacemaker action potential, which channels are open and which way do ions flow? |
|
Definition
| Ca channels open and flow in cell |
|
|
Term
| During. Pacemaker action potential, which channels are open and which way do the ions flow? |
|
Definition
| K channels open and flow out |
|
|
Term
| Describe the action potential of a contractile cardiac cell. |
|
Definition
| Sodium channels open and cause an immediate depolarization to maximum. Potassium channels now open and the ions exit quickly but the calcium channels are slowly flowing in causing a plateau. Eventually, the calcium channels close and the potassium channels remain open which causes an immediate hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| What is resting potential in cardiac contractile cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the plateau phase of contractile action potential, what type of channels are being used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the falling phase of contractile cell action potentials, what type of channels are being used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the refractory period occur with cardiac action potentials? |
|
Definition
| During the Entire action potential phase and all but the tail end of the contractile phase |
|
|
Term
| Where do the cells that make up the bundle of his originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Purkinje fibers? |
|
Definition
| Terminal fibers that extend from the bundle of his and spread throughout ventricular myocardium |
|
|
Term
True or false,
Atrial excitation and contraction must be completed before ventricular contraction can begin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure passes atrial conduction to the ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there a pause In action potential at the av node? |
|
Definition
| To ensure ventricle can completely fill to potential before contraction |
|
|
Term
| How do electrical impulses travel through the myocardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do electrical impulses travel down inter ventricular septum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do ventricular impulses travel if the are not the myocardium or interventricular septum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the p wave stand for on an EKG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of an EKG is the av node delay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What event occur during the qrs complex on an EKG? |
|
Definition
| Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the st segment on an EKG? |
|
Definition
| Ventricles are contracting and emptying |
|
|
Term
| What part of an EKG shows Ventricular repolarization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tp segment on an EKG? |
|
Definition
| Time which ventricles are relaxing and refilling |
|
|
Term
| What is the longest phase of an EKG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longest wave duration during an EKG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false,
The p wave takes longer to occur than a t wave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings about mechanical changes with cardiac cycle contraction? |
|
Definition
| Rhythmic changes in electrical activity |
|
|
Term
True or false,
Systole refers to the contraction of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ventricular diastole, when significant event occurs? |
|
Definition
| Ventricles fill with blood |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction? |
|
Definition
| All four valves are closed and pressure rises |
|
|
Term
| What force pushes blood during ventricular ejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phaseof cardiac mechanics is characterized by pressure falling and returning to Ventricular diastole? |
|
Definition
| Ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
| Why is pressure low during ventricular diastole? |
|
Definition
| Semilunar valves are closed |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood flows from atria to ventricle passively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once seventy percent of blood flows from atria to ventricle passively, how does the rest of the blood flow into ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Sa node fires and Atria contracts To push the remaining 30 percent into ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What process pushes 30 percent of blood into the ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of an EKG could one observe atria systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of an EKG could you observe isovolumetric ventricular contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you hear S1 on the EKG? |
|
Definition
| Whenn ventricular pressure rises and the av Valves close |
|
|
Term
| How do semilunar valve Open to end isovolumetric ventricular contraction? |
|
Definition
| Pressure rising past critical point which exceeds pulmonary trunk pressure And aortic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Where does blood flow during ventricular ejection? |
|
Definition
| Either pulmonary artery or the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What phase of cardiac mechanics would you hear S2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves close when you hear s2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of an EKG would you hear S2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end diastolic volume? And what is the normal numeric volume? |
|
Definition
Volume when ventricles are completely filled with blood.
135 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the end systolic volume? And what is the numeric volume? |
|
Definition
Volume left in the ventricle after ventricular ejection.
65 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the stroke volume and how is it calculated? |
|
Definition
Volume ejected from each ventricle per beat.
Calculated by subtracting esv from edv |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between the two types of heart murmurs? |
|
Definition
Stenoic murmurs occur when the valves do not completely open
Insufficient murmurs occur when the valves do not completely close |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle, each minute |
|
|
Term
| Heart rate x stroke volume = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two factors go into determining stroke volume? (not how it's calculated) |
|
Definition
| Venous return and sympathetic activity |
|
|
Term
| What extrinsic control has a factor in increasing stroke volume? How? |
|
Definition
Increased sympathetic activity increases the strength of contraction which increases stroke volume.
Sympathetic activity by epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What type of control does the frank starling law explain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the frank starling law. |
|
Definition
| Increased venous return increases edv increases strength of contraction increases stroke volume |
|
|
Term
True or false,
Cardiac output is most efficient at normal resting length. |
|
Definition
False,
Optimal length for efficiency is at an increased length. Exactly opposite of skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| How does increased sympathetic activity affect end systolic volume? |
|
Definition
| It decreases it since it is increasing stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| If you increases edv as well as sympathetic activity, how does your esv relate to the esv value of just increasing sympathetic activity? |
|
Definition
| It is the same because the stroke volume is what gets affected not the esv |
|
|
Term
| What name refers to the type of organs that receive disproportionally high volumes of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is flow rate related to vascular resistance and pressure gradients? |
|
Definition
| Flow rate is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to vascular resistance. |
|
|
Term
| What three factors affect vascular resistance? |
|
Definition
| Vessel radius, viscosity, Vessel length |
|
|
Term
True or false,
Viscosity and vessel length play a major factor in vascular resistance. |
|
Definition
False,
They don't play much of a role |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of resistance to vessel radius? |
|
Definition
| Resistance 1/ radius to the forth |
|
|
Term
True or false,
The arteries control how much blood flows through each organ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of capillaries? |
|
Definition
| To exchange materials between blood and the surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a rapid transit passenger? Why? |
|
Definition
| Arteries because of their large radius and low resistance |
|
|
Term
| What provides the bloods driving force when the ventricles are in diastole? |
|
Definition
| Arteries elastic properties |
|
|
Term
True or false,
When the heart is contracting and emptying, the arteries are narrowing to push blood along to the rest of the body. |
|
Definition
| False, the arteries are filling up to provide driving force while the ventricles are in diastole. |
|
|
Term
| What is the systolic phase of blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| The peak pressure exerted by ejected blood on vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| What is diastolic pressure? |
|
Definition
| Minimum pressure In arteries when blood is draining downstream into other vessels. |
|
|
Term
| How could one measure pulse pressure? |
|
Definition
| Subtracting systolic and diastolic |
|
|
Term
| What is mean arterial pressure and how is it calculated? |
|
Definition
The average driving pressure throughout cardiac cycles
Diastolic pressure + 1/3(pulse pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What regulates and controls mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessel is known as the major resistance vessel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of the high pressure of arteriolar? |
|
Definition
| A large drop in the mean pressure between arteries and capillaries |
|
|
Term
| How do arterioles ultimately enhance blood flow? |
|
Definition
| By having high resistance which Declines pressure which then enhances the pressure gradient ultimately enhancing blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What two physiological functions does adjusting the arteriole radius accomplish? |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure regulation and variabally distribute cardiac output based on bodily need |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the baseline of arteriole resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false,
Arteriolar tone can be controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic controls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false,
Active hyperemia is an extrinsic control of vascular tone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false,
When blood pressure needs to be regulated, intrinsic controls come in handy. |
|
Definition
False,
Extrinsic controls are important for blood pressure regulation |
|
|
Term
| How does one not sympathetically vasoconstrict during exercise? |
|
Definition
| Because skeletal and cardiac muscles have local mechanisms that can override the extrinsic controls |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure is responsible for sympathetic output to the arterioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based off of the capillary structure, what 3 major physiological events are amplified? |
|
Definition
The surface area benefits exchange
Diffusion distance is minimized
Large cross sectional area leads to slow blood velocity leading to maximal time for exchange |
|
|
Term
| How does the large cross sectional area of a capillary benefit it's physiology? |
|
Definition
| Lads to slower blood velocity this an increase in time for material exchange |
|
|
Term
| What are the two exchange mechanisms seen in capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Passive diffusion and bulk flow |
|
|
Term
| How does bulk flow generally work? |
|
Definition
| Protein free plasma flows out of the capillary, mixes with interstitial fluid, then reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| What process helps distribute extra cellular fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid with the goal of maintaining blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between the two subprocesses of bulk flow? |
|
Definition
Ultrafiltration - occurs when pressure inside is greater than that outside, thus, materials are forced outward
Reabsorption - pressure outside exceeds pressure inside and fluid is forced back inward |
|
|
Term
| Why does bulk flow specifically occur? |
|
Definition
| Because of the difference is hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure between plasma and interstitial fluid. |
|
|
Term
| What forces pushes fluid out of capillary beds? |
|
Definition
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What forces pull fluids back into capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Where does the excess fluid that is not reabsorbed during bulk flow end up? |
|
Definition
| Lymphatic system and then back to general circulation |
|
|
Term
| What three substances have the possibility of being picked up by the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| Excess fluid, leaked proteins, and bacteria from tissues |
|
|
Term
| At any one time, what percentage of the blood is contained within veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false,
Venules communicate mechanically with arterioles to regulate capillary flow. |
|
Definition
False,
The communicate chemically |
|
|
Term
| What three venous actions help to counteract gravity during venous return? |
|
Definition
One way venous valves
Venous vasoconstriction by sympathetic system
External compression by skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What determines total peripheral resistance? |
|
Definition
| Degree of arteriolar vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What controls blood volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the receptors which help determin blood pressure needs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a short term fix to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Neutral control of cardiac output and Total peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| What is a long term fix to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Controlling total blood volume by regulating urine output and thirst |
|
|
Term
| What is the baroreceptor reflex? (general) |
|
Definition
| Short term reflex for regulating blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Where are the baroreceptors who detect bp changes located? |
|
Definition
| Carotid sinus and aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| Once baroreceptors create a signal, where do these signals go? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac center of the medulla. |
|
|
Term
| What do calcium channel blockers do to the heart? |
|
Definition
| Decrease it's activity and cause vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| How does the anti hypertensive class alpha blocker work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does a beta blocker have on the heart? |
|
Definition
| Reduces heart rate and strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| What is orthstatic hypotension and how does it arise? |
|
Definition
| Dramatic decrease in blood pressure when standing up too quickly caused by insufficient sympathetic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| How does vasogenic shock arise? |
|
Definition
| Widespread arteriole dilation |
|
|
Term
| What causes Neurogenic shock? |
|
Definition
| Defective neural vasoconstrictor tone |
|
|
Term
| How does cardiogenic shock arise? |
|
Definition
| When heart no longer pumps blood efficiently |
|
|
Term
| What type of shock do all others lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false,
The right and left pump blood with the same force but the left side pumps a higher volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves are associated with S1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What heart structure limits how much blood can flow back into the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the resting potential for pacemaker cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which chamber of the heart is blood pressure associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the first heart sound compare with the second and why. |
|
Definition
| First is louder because for the increased pressure |
|
|
Term
| How does exercise affect stroke volume and esv? |
|
Definition
| Increases stroke volume, decreases esv |
|
|
Term
| Which sound would be affected by mitral valve defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does stretching of cardiac fibers give stronger contractions? How does this compare to skeletal fibers? |
|
Definition
| Stretching cardiac tissue creates more cross bridges leading to stronger contractions unlike skeletal tissues |
|
|
Term
True or false,
Cardiac output change must occur for there to be a blood flow change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does weight gain affect vessel length? |
|
Definition
| You form more capillaries and increase the length of vessels, this you increase vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| Where does one measure diastole from? Why? |
|
Definition
| The aorta because ventricular diastole is zero |
|
|
Term
| What does vessel compliance refer to? |
|
Definition
| How easily a vessel can stretch |
|
|
Term
| What does vessel elastance refer to? |
|
Definition
| How easily a vessel snaps back |
|
|
Term
True or false,
During diastole, arterioles have a period of relaxation. |
|
Definition
False,
Arterioles never relax due to vascular tone |
|
|
Term
True or false,
If you extrinsic ally wanted to limit kidney function, you would vasoconstrict blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How will excess fluid affect your oncotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which protein is mostly responsible for oncotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False,
Only the parasympathetic nervous system operates under the two-neuron chain pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What division of the autonomic nervous system uses norepinephrine to stimulate its target organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of valve close to prevent backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would you hear S1 with ventricular systole? |
|
Definition
| Because the AV valve is closing and your hear S1 and S2 with valve closing. The reason why it is S1 is because The AV valve would be the first one to close then your pulmonary/systemic valves would close correlating with S2 |
|
|
Term
True or false,
Pulse pressure is the maximum pressure exerted by arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the response by baroreceptors if blood pressure is elevated? |
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Definition
| The increase their firing rate |
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Term
True or False,
Veins serve as a major blood reservior. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you applied NE to a single vessel, what would be the general response? |
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Definition
| Increased resistance by decreasing blood flow |
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Term
| Which chemical is released to by sympathetic fibers to cause vascular tone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain links the CNS to the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the adrenal medulla relate to the sympathetic system? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic stimulation increases the secretion of E and NE which in turn reinforce sympathetic activity |
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Term
| USE THE BLANK HEART DIAGRAM AND LIST THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does blood flow through the coronary arteries during diastole and not systole? |
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Definition
| Because of the high pressure associated with systole, the coronary arteries are compressed. |
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Term
True or False,
Blood is always flowing through the coronary arteries whether the heart is contracting or relaxing. |
|
Definition
False,
Blood only flows through the heart while it is relaxing |
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Term
| What is the formula for flow rate? |
|
Definition
| Flow rate = delta p (pressure gradient) / R (resistance) |
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Term
| How would decreasing O2 levels influence blood flow? |
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Definition
| It would bring about active hyperemia in order to raise blood O2 levels back to normal |
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|
Term
| What is autoregulation of blood flow? |
|
Definition
| The body's intrinsic ability to maintain constant blood flow under abnormal pressure situations |
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Term
| What instance is autoregulation of the blood of importance? |
|
Definition
| With the brain since it needs a constant supply of blood at all times in order to function properly. |
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Term
| What is a metaarteriole? What is their function and how do they accomplish it? |
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Definition
| A short vessel which links arterioles with venules. Their function is to act as a blood diverter. In other words, they block off portions of the capillary bed where blood may not be needed at a certain time. They accomplish this by constricting their precapillary sphincters. |
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Term
| What is the main function of albumin? |
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Definition
| To maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood |
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Term
| What is the main function of plasma globulins? |
|
Definition
| To transport ions, hormones, and lipids involved in helping the immune response |
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