Term
| what percentage of the cell membrane is cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of transport proteins |
|
Definition
| Integral, Embedded, Associated, Peripheral, Anchored |
|
|
Term
| Which type of transport protein is most common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of transport protein is least common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two types of transport proteins help each other |
|
Definition
| Associated and peripheral |
|
|
Term
| what kind of transport protein is typically a fatty acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main function of the cell membrane |
|
Definition
| barrier/protection; transport; enzymatic reactions (catalysis); receptor (for biological activity) |
|
|
Term
| what molecules are considered small molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two types of transport can be used for small molecules |
|
Definition
| diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of transportation |
|
Definition
| Active and Passive transportations |
|
|
Term
| What kind of concentration gradient is associated with passive transport |
|
Definition
| high to low (with the gradient) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of concentration gradient is associated with active transport |
|
Definition
| low to high (against gradient) |
|
|
Term
| what vitamins are lipid soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arachidonic acid is the main precursor to what two types of compounds |
|
Definition
| prostoglandins and leukotrins |
|
|
Term
| what are the two precursors for a nucleic acid (in order) |
|
Definition
| nucleoside and then nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| what are nucleosides made up of |
|
Definition
| a base and a sugar covalently bonded |
|
|
Term
| what are nucleotides made up of |
|
Definition
| a base, a sugar, a phosphoric acid residue covalently bonded |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of bases in nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two ring structures; adenine and guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one ring structures; cytosine, thymine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 main types of sugars used in nucleic acids |
|
Definition
| D-ribose; 2-deoxy-D-ribose |
|
|
Term
| how many levels are there of nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 1st level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
| order of bases forming a polynucleotide (specific genetic code) |
|
|
Term
| what is the 2nd level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 3rd level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 4th level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
| interactions between DNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
| what the characteristics of the shape of the 2nd level structure |
|
Definition
| a double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains that run antiparallel to each other with a phosphate-sugar backbone with bases perpendicular to the axis |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of B-DNA |
|
Definition
| the normal DNA; 10 bases per turn; right handed turns |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of A-DNA |
|
Definition
| 11 bases per turn; bases not perpendicular to axis; right handed turns |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of Z-DNA |
|
Definition
| 10 bases per turn; left handed turn; involved with gene expression; looks similar to B-DNA |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the 3rd level of nucleic acids |
|
Definition
| ends of DNA form a phosphodiester bond forming a circular DNA and then it supercoils |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of supercoiling |
|
Definition
| Positive (overwinding); Negative (underwinding) |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes is involved in supercoiling in prokaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does topoisomerase I do in prokaryote supercoiling |
|
Definition
| cuts phosphodiester backbone of strands; reseals |
|
|
Term
| what does topoisomerase II do in prokaryote supercoiling |
|
Definition
| cuts both strands; reseals |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme does topoisomerase II behave like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in supercoiling in eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| chromatin --> principle protein of histones |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 types of histones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many H-bonds does an A-T base pair make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many H-bonds does a C-G base pair make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two precursors for a nucleic acid (in order) |
|
Definition
| nucleoside and then nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| what are nucleosides made up of |
|
Definition
| a base and a sugar covalently bonded |
|
|
Term
| what are nucleotides made up of |
|
Definition
| a base, a sugar, a phosphoric acid residue covalently bonded |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of bases in nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two ring structures; adenine and guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one ring structures; cytosine, thymine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 main types of sugars used in nucleic acids |
|
Definition
| D-ribose; 2-deoxy-D-ribose |
|
|
Term
| how many levels are there of nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 1st level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
| order of bases forming a polynucleotide (specific genetic code) |
|
|
Term
| what is the 2nd level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 3rd level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 4th level of nucleic acid |
|
Definition
| interactions between DNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
| what the characteristics of the shape of the 2nd level structure |
|
Definition
| a double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains that run antiparallel to each other with a phosphate-sugar backbone with bases perpendicular to the axis |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of B-DNA |
|
Definition
| the normal DNA; 10 bases per turn; right handed turns |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of A-DNA |
|
Definition
| 11 bases per turn; bases not perpendicular to axis; right handed turns |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of Z-DNA |
|
Definition
| 10 bases per turn; left handed turn; involved with gene expression; looks similar to B-DNA |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the 3rd level of nucleic acids |
|
Definition
| ends of DNA form a phosphodiester bond forming a circular DNA and then it supercoils |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of supercoiling |
|
Definition
| Positive (overwinding); Negative (underwinding) |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes is involved in supercoiling in prokaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does topoisomerase I do in prokaryote supercoiling |
|
Definition
| cuts phosphodiester backbone of strands; reseals |
|
|
Term
| what does topoisomerase II do in prokaryote supercoiling |
|
Definition
| cuts both strands; reseals |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme does topoisomerase II behave like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in supercoiling in eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| chromatin --> principle protein of histones |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 types of histones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many H-bonds does an A-T base pair make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many H-bonds does a C-G base pair make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of RNA |
|
Definition
| long, unbranched chain of polynucleotides; phosphodiester bonds; B-D-ribose sugar; generally single stranded |
|
|
Term
| what is RNA base sequence determine by |
|
Definition
| DNA through transcription |
|
|
Term
| what bases are used in RNA |
|
Definition
| Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 types of RNA |
|
Definition
| tRNA; rRNA; mRNA; snRNA; miRNA; siRNA |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of tRNA |
|
Definition
| small; transport amino acids to site of protein ribosome |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of rRNA |
|
Definition
| varies in size; combines with proteins to form ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of mRNA |
|
Definition
| varies in size; directs amino acid sequence of protein and carries the genetic code |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of snRNA |
|
Definition
| small; (small nuclear) processes initial mRNA to maturity |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of miRNA |
|
Definition
| small; (micro)gene expression, growth and development |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of siRNA |
|
Definition
| small; (small-interfering) controls gene expression, knock out genes |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of RNA |
|
Definition
| long, unbranched chain of polynucleotides; phosphodiester bonds; B-D-ribose sugar; generally single stranded |
|
|
Term
| what is RNA base sequence determine by |
|
Definition
| DNA through transcription |
|
|
Term
| what bases are used in RNA |
|
Definition
| Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 types of RNA |
|
Definition
| tRNA; rRNA; mRNA; snRNA; miRNA; siRNA |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of tRNA |
|
Definition
| small; transport amino acids to site of protein ribosome |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of rRNA |
|
Definition
| varies in size; combines with proteins to form ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of mRNA |
|
Definition
| varies in size; directs amino acid sequence of protein and carries the genetic code |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of snRNA |
|
Definition
| small; (small nuclear) processes initial mRNA to maturity |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of miRNA |
|
Definition
| small; (micro)gene expression, growth and development |
|
|
Term
| what is the size and function of siRNA |
|
Definition
| small; (small-interfering) controls gene expression, knock out genes |
|
|
Term
| what are the building blocks of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main purposes of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| energy; glycolipids; structural backbone of nucleic acid; composition (plants-->cell wall) |
|
|
Term
| what creates the D conformation |
|
Definition
| the OH group on the right side |
|
|
Term
| what creates the L conformation |
|
Definition
| the OH group on the left side |
|
|
Term
| which conformation is biologically active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sugar is the simplest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sugar is the most important in diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sugar is the sweetest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sugar is known as milk sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sugar is in nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what creates the alpha configuration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what creates the beta configuration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of reaction provides energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Fehling's reaction do |
|
Definition
| it tests for reducing sugar |
|
|
Term
| what do aldehydes oxidize into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four main reactions of monosaccharides |
|
Definition
| Redox; esterifications of sugars; amino drivatives; glycosidic formation |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides |
|
Definition
| oligo binds 10-12 units while poly binds 100+ |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of O-glycosidic bonds |
|
Definition
| oxygen involved; links sugars to one another |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of N-glycosidic bonds |
|
Definition
| nitrogen involved; links sugar to nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 most abundant disaccharides |
|
Definition
| 1)lactose; 2)sucrose; 3)maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| galactose + galactose [beta(1,4)] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose + fructose [alpha(1,2)] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose + glucose [alpha(1,4)] |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main functions of polysaccharides |
|
Definition
| storage polysac (energy storage and starch glycogen); structural polysac(protective cell wall, cellulose and chitin); structural peptidoglycans (bacterial cell walls) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of polysaccharides |
|
Definition
| homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of homopolysaccharides |
|
Definition
| one type of monosaccharides; either unbranched (linear) or branched |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of heterpolysaccharides |
|
Definition
| multiple types of monosaccharides; 2 unbranched, >2 branched |
|
|
