Term
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Definition
| Lacks a -brain, true ganglia, and any form of cephalization |
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Term
| • A type of nervous system that can't determine the input source, so same motor response output regardless of stimuli origin. |
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Definition
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Term
| • Hydra (cnidarian) have what kind of nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| • Planarians (flatworms) have what kind of nervous system? |
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Definition
| Dual nerve cords with transverse connecting nerves. |
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Term
| • What kind of genes were first identified in c. elegans? |
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Definition
| The genes that program cell death |
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Term
| • What makes c. elegans unique and how many neurons do they have? |
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Definition
Every cell is identifiable between c. elegans.
They have 302 neurons. |
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Term
| • What is the difference between arthropods and mollusks? |
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Definition
| Arthropods have exoskeletons while mollusks have a mantle. |
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Term
| • What are the features of an arthropod's nervous system? |
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Definition
several large paired ganglia in the head
-single or double nerve cord that runs ventrally |
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Term
| arthopods and mollusks both have what kind of nervous system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| • Mushroom bodies (in fruit flies, arthropods) do what? |
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Definition
involved in learning and memory
-integrate coincidence factors |
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Term
| • Why study aplysia? (a mullusk) |
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Definition
| transcription factors and learning |
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Term
| • In humans, what percent of cortex is neocortex? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| • Neocortex is found in _____ but not ______. |
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Definition
1. mammals
2. other animals |
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Term
|
Definition
-common phylogenic and embyrionic origin
-evolved from the same distant ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
not from the same common ancestor, but 2 different evol. lines to fulfill same niche function
-product of convergent evolution |
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Term
• Homologous Cortical Regions
Prelimbic cortex (rodent) :: _______ (human) |
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Definition
| :: dorsal anterior cingulate cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
• Homologous Cortical Functions
Infralimbic cortex (rodent) :: ______ (humans) |
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Definition
| orbitomedial prefrontal cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
• Convergence/Analagous Sensory organs
Humans and crabs both evolved to have what in common? |
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Definition
| Both use displacement of fluid in donut shaped canals to detect acceleration. |
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Term
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Definition
| whisker barrels send sensory info via brainstem ->thalamus ->motor cortex |
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Term
| • The _____ visual field falls on the ____ retina. |
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Definition
1. superior
2. inferior
(&visa versa) |
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Term
| • The _____ visual space projects to the ____ hemiretina. |
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Definition
1. right
2. left
(&visa versa) |
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Term
| • How many degrees of visual space does the fovea respond to? |
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Definition
| 1-2 degrees (high visual acuity) |
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Term
| • Roughly what percent of fibers are located within the Fovea :: cells in visual cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
The region where all of the axons leaving the eye gather to form the optic nerve.
There are no photoreceptors here so it's a blind spot. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
no color
-poor spatial acuity
-numerous
-functions in low-light environments |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-high spatial temporal acuity
-detect color
-high concentration in fovea |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are photoreceptors located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| • ____ individual photoreceptors converge on a ____ cell to ____________. |
|
Definition
1. many
2. ganglion cell
3. bring together info for a large visual field |
|
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Term
| photoreceptors synapse on... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bipolar cells synapse with... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| • What kind of cells form the optic nerve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| photo receptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells (->vitreous humor) |
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Term
| • Horizontal pathway cells |
|
Definition
horizontal cell: converges info for multiple photoreceptors
amacrine cell: converges info for multiple ganglion cells |
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Term
| • On-center ganglion cells |
|
Definition
-excited by light stimuli on center
-inhibited by light stimuli on surround |
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Term
| • Off-center ganglion cells |
|
Definition
inhibited by light stimuli on center
-excited by light stimuli on surround |
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Term
| • All of the _____ visual field info is projected through the _____ optic tract and which cortex? |
|
Definition
1. right
2. left optic tract
3. left visual cortex |
|
|
Term
| optic chiasm is formed by... |
|
Definition
| optic nerves coming together at base of brain |
|
|
Term
| • Where do most projections of the optic tract synapse? |
|
Definition
| lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Term
| • Basic primary visual pathway |
|
Definition
| retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex |
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Term
| • A small amount of fibers bypass LGN and project where? |
|
Definition
| pretectal area and superior colliculus |
|
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Term
| pretectal area projections function |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| superior colliculus projections function |
|
Definition
| directing visual attention |
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Term
| hypothalamus projections function |
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Definition
|
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Term
| • Where do the pre-tectal area & s. colliculus project to? |
|
Definition
| brainstem & association cortex |
|
|
Term
| pretectal and superior colliculus project via relays in two places |
|
Definition
| relays in the pulvinar & lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus |
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Term
| • Parallel processing of retinal ganglion cells has two types: |
|
Definition
Midget: small visual field, fine tuned details & color
Parasol: large receptive fields, process large visual stimuli & gross movements |
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Term
• Parallel processing @ LGN
What are the layers & what do they process? |
|
Definition
Magnocellular: (layers 1-2) process Parasol Cell info | spatial, motion
Parvocellular layer: (layers 3-6) process Midget cell info | fine detail, color
Intralaminar layer: in between LGN layers, assists in color vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| Axons leaving the LGN are wide and fan-like, projecting to the visual cortex. |
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Term
| inferior radiations (inferior retina, superior visual field) arc into which lobe (meyer's loop)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| upper radiations pass under which lobe? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
• Cuneus:
Which optic radiations project to it? |
|
Definition
1. The upper part of the V1
2. Superior optic radiations project to it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Inferior optic radiations terminate here.
2. lower part of V1 |
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|
Term
| • Which fissure separates the cuneus and the lingula? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| • Inputs from the LGN projct to which layer of V1? |
|
Definition
The 4th layer; very thick so divided into 4 sublaminae:
4-A
4-B
4-Calpha
4-Cbeta |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Layer 4B of V1 has lots of myelinated axons that can be seen by the naked eye |
|
|
Term
| • Ocular dominance columns |
|
Definition
| -stripes of columns in V1 that respond preferentially to a specific eye |
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Term
| • Simple cell receptive fields |
|
Definition
- center-surround (on/off ganglion) receptive fields combine
-located in V1
-respond to edges of stimuli in a specific location/angular orientation |
|
|
Term
| • What do Complex Cells respond to? |
|
Definition
| line/edge angular orientation that occur anywhere in their receptive field |
|
|
Term
• ORIENTATION COLUMNS
What are they?
How are they arranged?
Where do they project from/to? |
|
Definition
. columns of cells in V1 that respond to the same visual stimuli
2. arranged in slabs perpendicular to V1 surface
3. Project from pia and to white matter cortical regions |
|
|
Term
| • Hypercolumns are the intersection of ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
1. ocular dominance
2. orientation columns |
|
|
Term
| • One hypercolumn processes info from _____. How many stimulus orientations does it respond to? What area of the visual field does it process? |
|
Definition
1. one eye
2. one stimulus orientation
3. one specific part of the visual field
**they're like specialization centers** |
|
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Term
|
Definition
dorsal pathways -> parietooccipital association cortex
-info on motion & spatial relations processed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ventral pathways -> occipitotemporal association cortex
-analyzes features, color, form |
|
|
Term
| • What happens if you transect the midbrain & hypothalamus? (stopping hypothalamus function) |
|
Definition
| All spontaneous behavior ceases. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
homeostasis functions (hunger, sleep, thirst, sex)
-endocrine functions (via pituitary)
-autonomic controls
-limbic modulation |
|
|
Term
| • Hypothalamus receives what kind of info from where? |
|
Definition
| Sensory info from entire body |
|
|
Term
| • Where does the hypothalamus receive direct inputs from? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory system, retina & visceral sensory system |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamus receive indirect inputs from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • T/F: Circulating hormones interact indirectly w/ hypothalamic neurons. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hypothalamus has own what to respond to temperature, electrolytes, glucose, sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PVN (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus) controls what function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)'s
Magnacellular neurons... |
|
Definition
-contain which hormones?
-project their axons where?
-vasopressin and oxytocin
-posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| • T/F: PVN's magnacellular neurons' don't release hormones directly into the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Where do PVN parvocellular neurons project to? |
|
Definition
-anterior pituitary
-brainstem |
|
|
Term
| temperature increase leads to... |
|
Definition
- sweating (blood flows from deep to cutaneous vascular beds)
- conserve water (vasopressin secretion)
- coordinated behaviors (leaving hot room, turning on fan) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- more contractions=more oxytocin (birth ends release)
- more more more more
- magnitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- attempting to return to homeostasis
- sugar and insulin (once enough insulin has gone out to lower sugar level to normal level insulin stops) |
|
|
Term
| • SCN neurons fire ____ in the day and ____ at night. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Describe the SCN protein clock cycle. |
|
Definition
1. CLOCK-BMAL proteins bind DNA to release genes per & cry
2. per & cry genes make PER & CRY proteins
***PER & CRY levels peak in early evening
3. PER & CRY make complexes that move into the nucleus and turn off CLOCK-BMAL transcription
4. PER & CRY are broken down and the cycle begins again |
|
|
Term
• Retinal light exposure stimulates SCN which intern _____ activity of the PVN.
Which neurotransmitter is used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Which NT released onto the Pineal Gland causes melatonin synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • How do SCN lesions effect sleep in rats? |
|
Definition
**NOT total time
-effects duration and timing (which becomes erratic) |
|
|
Term
• How does SCN modulate sleep/wake cycles directly?
Indirectly? |
|
Definition
Directly: projections to other hypothalamic nuclei
Indirectly: melatonin |
|
|
Term
| • The _____ pituitary develops as an extension of the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Anterior v Posterior Pituitary
PVN inputs?
Glandular? |
|
Definition
Anterior:
PVN parvocellular inputs
-glandular; produces hormones released directly into bloodstream
Posterior:
PVN magnocellular inputs
-not glandular; hormones are produced in PVN transmitted through magnocellular axons that the Posterior can secrete or store |
|
|
Term
• What are the two stress response systems?
What is their response speed? |
|
Definition
1. sympathetic (fast)
2. Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (HPA) (slower); glucocorticoids increase glucose
metabolism while suppressing reproduction/immune system |
|
|
Term
| • Which hormone feeds back to inhibit HPA axis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -synthetic form of glucocorticoid, which feeds back as cortisol, inhibiting HPA |
|
|
Term
| • 4 limbic functions & keystructures |
|
Definition
1. olfaction | olfactory cortex
2. hippocampus |memory
3. emotions& drives | amygdala
4. homeostasis | hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pre-trauma memories forgotten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to form new memories |
|
|
Term
| • 3 parts of the hippocampus |
|
Definition
-hippocampus
-dentate
-subiculum |
|
|
Term
| • Dentate gyrus is involved in what? |
|
Definition
-learning &memory
-depression & stress |
|
|
Term
| • What 2 areas for adult neurogenesis? |
|
Definition
-SGZ (subgranular zone) part of dentate gyrus
-SVZ(subventricular zone) new neurons ->olfactory bulb |
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