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Exam 3
Module 21
62
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/15/2014
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Term
Effortful processing is encoding that requires
 Definition
conscious attention
Term
As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity
 Definition
less; more
Term
Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories
 Definition
Procedural
Term
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.
 Definition
visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
Term
Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between
 Definition
implicit memory and explicit memory
Term
Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of
 Definition
encoding
Term
Using your working memory to link an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with the first letter sound required to pronounce the term illustrates
 Definition
shallow processing
Term
Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to identify which items of currently presented information one had previously learned?
 Definition
recognition
Term
The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as
 Definition
the spacing effect
Term
Memory is best defined as
 Definition
the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
Term
Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires
 Definition
working memory
Term
Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.
 Definition
encoding; storage
Term
Short-term memory capacity can be increased through
 Definition
chunking
Term
The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called
 Definition
chunking
Term
Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called
 Definition
mnemonics
Term
Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound. This best illustrates the value of
 Definition
deep processing
Term
Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?
 Definition
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Term
Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?
 Definition
echoic memory
Term
Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions?
 Definition
recall
Term
Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test?
 Definition
Would the word fit in this sentence: “The boy put the ________ on his desk”?
Term
Three basic measures of memory retention are
 Definition
recall, recognition, and relearning
Term
Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration?
 Definition
sensory memory
Term
To remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates
 Definition
effortful processing
Term
An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used?
 Definition
Recognition
Term
Most people misrecall the sentence, “The angry rioter threw the rock at the window” as “The angry rioter threw the rock through the window.” This best illustrates the importance of
 Definition
semantic processing
Term
The process of retrieval refers to
 Definition
getting information out of memory storage
Term
For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory
 Definition
iconic
Term
The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration of
 Definition
Chunking
Term
Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of
 Definition
encoding
Term
Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information
 Definition
7
Term
Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space, time, and frequency best illustrates
 Definition
automatic processing
Term
Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal
 Definition
short-term
Term
Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating
 Definition
deep processing
Term
Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called
 Definition
semantic processing
Term
While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of
 Definition
automatic processing
Term
Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?
 Definition
relearning
Term
By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, George Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory
 Definition
iconic
Term
Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories
 Definition
Explicit
Term
Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included “ship, effort, professor, and inquire.” He later recalled these words as “boat, work, teacher, and question.” This best illustrates the impact of
 Definition
semantic processing
Term
Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?
 Definition
the peg-word system
Term
We encode explicit memories by means of
 Definition
effortful processing
Term
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory
 Definition
long-term
Term
Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle, and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old. When shown a hypodermic needle, however, he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response. Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.
 Definition
implicit
Term
Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of
 Definition
rehearsal
Term
During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates
 Definition
automatic processing
Term
Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.
 Definition
explicit memory; implicit memory
Term
The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information processing model did not consider the formation of
 Definition
implicit memories
Term
After learning the web address of a local retail store, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to post it in his frequent contacts file. In this case, the web address was clearly stored in his ________ memory
 Definition
short-term
Term
One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires
 Definition
semantic processing
Term
The process of getting information into memory is called
 Definition
encoding
Term
Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.
 Definition
encoding; storage
Term
Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults
 Definition
more; more
Term
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is demonstrated by
 Definition
the testing effect
Term
To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates use of
 Definition
a mnemonic technique
Term
The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of
 Definition
deep processing
Term
Iconic memory refers to
 Definition
photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second
Term
The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of
 Definition
chunking
Term
Deep processing of verbal information involves encoding the ________ of words
 Definition
meanings
Term
The importance of parallel processing is emphasized by a model of memory known as
 Definition
connectionism
Term
Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory
 Definition
echoic
Term
People can show classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory
 Definition
implicit
Term
To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory
 Definition
working
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