Term
| seizures are synchronus/asynchronus neuron firing |
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Definition
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Term
| what seizures have motor activity invovleD? |
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Definition
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Term
| the characteristic feature of seizures is- |
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Definition
| abnromal brain electrical activity |
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Term
| what type of seizure doesnt have the abnormal EEG? |
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Definition
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Term
| what meds dont work for PNES seizures? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 seizures not within 24 hrs |
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Term
| some things that cna precipitate a seizure-3 |
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Definition
| infection, fever, alcohol withdrawl |
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Term
| what genetic disease can predispose to seizures? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the period of abnormnal electrical activity called? |
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Definition
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Term
| *periods outside of the ictus have abnoral acitivty its just less |
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Definition
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Term
| what seizure is only in one hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| which focal seizure has loss of consiousness |
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Definition
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Term
| which seizure has an auro/premonition before it happens |
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Definition
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Term
| if focal seizures go to a gnerealized seizure what is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of seizure has jerks - fast burst of msucle acitvity |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of seizure has tremor- rhythmic contraction/relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
whihc seizure has steady contraction of flexors and tensors?
what is a concern for these? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the grand mal seizure? |
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Definition
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Term
| this seizure has sudden gain in muscle tone then rhythmic contraciotn/relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
in tonic clonic seizures what happens to consciousness?
what are the worries? |
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Definition
pt is unaware of seizure
-loss of balance and physcial harm like tongue biting |
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Term
what seizure has rapid loss of muscle tone
-what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the petit mal seizure |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in a absence seizure? |
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Definition
| pt loses consiousness but appears alert- is unresposnive |
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Term
what are automatisims?
which seizure do they occur in? |
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Definition
stereotyped behaviors
absence |
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Term
| absence seizures are long/short |
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Definition
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Term
| the only difference btwn absence and complex partial seizures is? |
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Definition
| absence doesnt have the premonition of the seizure occuring |
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Term
| what is the post-ictal hangover? |
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Definition
| person feels fatigued, disoriented |
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Term
what type of epilepsy invovles the hippocampus?
too mnay of these results in? |
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Definition
temporal lobe
scaring due to cell damage and microglial acitavtion |
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Term
if seizure doesnt terminiate in normal time its called?
what is this normally treated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| in epileptic brain what does the EEG look like? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| since the seizures show hyperexcitatory this means the brain is depolarized, hyperpolarized? |
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Definition
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Term
| during seizure what happens to Glu and GABA |
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Definition
Glu increases
GABA decreases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| GABA helps sharpen what tpye of signal? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what to GABA interneurons do? |
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Definition
| prevent GLu from acitvating a whole tree of neurons |
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Term
| if a GABA interneurons blocks the soma and axon hillock what is it doing? |
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Definition
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Term
| if GABA interneurons make synsapses on distal dendrites what does this doe?-2 |
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Definition
| blocks integration of signals and CA regulation |
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Term
| in epilepsy the threshol for hyperexcitability is lower- what are causes? -4 |
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Definition
GABA receptor downregulated
GABA subunit exchange
loss of GABA neurons in epilepsy
-down regulation of KCC2 |
|
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Term
| what GABA neurons are reduced in epilepsy?-2 |
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Definition
| somatostain and parvalbumin |
|
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Term
when is GABA excitiaory?
how? |
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Definition
immature neurons
-more hyperploarized than equilibrium for Cl (high intracell Cl) |
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Term
| in GABA excitatory, what is missing that allows high intracell Cl? (this is normal for immature neruons tho!) |
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Definition
| K/Cl cotransporter (KCC2) |
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Term
| the common AEDs used target what? |
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Definition
| voltage gated Na channels (prolong inactivation) |
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Term
| what 2 drugs are good for absence but not other seizures? |
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Definition
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Term
the drugs that target absence seizures target what?
what switch does this flip? |
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Definition
T type Ca channel in thalmus (trnasient, dihydropyridine sensitive)
-tonic awake to phasic slow wave sleep |
|
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Term
| what is the drugs that targets SV2A |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what % of ppl are pharmcoresistant? |
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Definition
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Term
| the big concern about anticonvulsant drugs are they cant prevent? |
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Definition
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Term
| to be candidtate for surgery have to fail _ amount of AEDs |
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Definition
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Term
| implantable devices that cause what can be used to reduce seizures in pahrmcoresistn |
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Definition
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Term
| ketogenic diet is high and low what |
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Definition
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Term
| the modified what diet is also used in adults for seizures? |
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Definition
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Term
keton bodies can elevate what in the brain?
(we dont knwo why this is helpful tho) |
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Definition
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|
Term
ketogenic diet causes hypo/hyperglycemia?
why do you want this? |
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Definition
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia actually increased seizure freq (so dont want as many carbs) |
|
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Term
| what inhibitor of glycolysis has been used in animals to prevent siezures? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the big concern with the ketogenic diet is? |
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Definition
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Term
| to be a gentic etiology - |
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Definition
| has to be previous idiopathic. (doesnt cause metab abnormality- directly causes the seizure!) |
|
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Term
| structural/metabolic etiology has to be- |
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Definition
abnormality that increases the epilepsy risk
-genetics can cause the abnormality |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| genes involved in seizures |
|
Definition
volt gated Na
K+ channels
Ca+ channels
synaptic transmission proteins (deleiton fo sV2A)
GABA
Glutamate |
|
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Term
| mutation in what GABA caises childhood absence seizure |
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Definition
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|
Term
GLUT1 deficiency causes what that increases seizures?
how can this be treated? |
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Definition
decrease brain glucose
ketogenic diet |
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Term
| Genes that cause juvenile myoclonic epilepsy |
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Definition
CACNB4- (N type Ca channel)
GABRA1- alpha 1 sub GABA
GABRD- delta subunit GABA
CLCN2- CL channel |
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Term
| age of onset for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| serve type of epilepsy that begins in childhood |
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Term
| Dravet syndrome can cause what type of seizures-3 |
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Definition
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Term
| Dravet syndrome is caused by what mutation |
|
Definition
| alpha 1 subunit of volt gated Na channels |
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Term
| *plasma metabolites are involved in seizures |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *autoantibodies have been found in some seizures |
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Definition
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|
Term
| structural causes of seizures-2 |
|
Definition
fetal alcoholism
head wound |
|
|
Term
| Lennox-Gastaut syndromre is caused by? |
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Definition
| structural/metabolic abnormality |
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