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| drastic change in the manual labor system originating in the South and later spreading to the entire world. Traditional commerce was made obsolete by improvements in transportation and communication. |
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| Henry Clay/American System |
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Definition
| economic system designed by henry Clay based on ideas by Alexander Hamilton. Imposed a protective tariff to help American manufacturers to compete with British imports. Also helped improve the country’s infrastructure. |
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| general in the war of 1812. Conquered florida. 7th president of the United states. Lost the election of 1824, won the election in 1828. Huge scandal when he let “commoners” enter the white house at his inauguration. Had a temper problem. Came from a low family status. |
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| Bank of the United States |
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Definition
| the nation’s federally authorized central bank. It regulated the public credit, performed the fiscal duties for the U.S. treasury, and issued a central currency for the nation. |
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| Andrew Jackson originally vetoed the legislation to charter the Second Bank of the United States because he believed that since the bank was part of the Treasury, which was controlled by the Executive branch, congress did not have the power to make legislation involving anything to do with the treasury without consulting “the chief executive” first. They did not do so, so he vetoed it. |
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| the term used for the state banks selected the the Treasury to receive extra government funds in 1833. Also named “Wildcat Banks” |
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| the practice of a political party giving its supporters positions in government. These government jobs were given as rewards and incentives to keep working for the political party. |
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| political affair involving the members of Andrew Jackson’s cabinet and their wives. It started as a private issue but later went on to affect the political careers of several men. Peggy married Eaton with Jackson’s blessing soon after her first husband died. Vice President John C. Calhoun’s wife felt that Peggy married too quickly after her first husband died so she led a group of other cabinet member’s wives against Peggy. It later became a huge scandal |
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| vice president under Jackson. His wife, Floride Calhoun was the reason for the Peggy Eaton Affair. |
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| secretary of state under Jackson. Sided with Jackson with the Eaton Affair, which made Jackson favor him. This is one of the biggest reasons why he became the next (8th) president after Jackson. |
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| chief justice of the supreme court after John Marshall. Ruled to send Dred Scott back to his master in the Dred Scott v Sandford case. |
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| when states choose to ignore federal law. |
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| president of the Second Bank of the United States. |
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| South Carolina Exposition and Protest |
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Definition
| also known as Calhoun's Exposition was a document written in December 1828 that was against Jackson’s Tariff of 1828. It called it the “Tariff of Abominations” and South Carolina threatened to secede if the tariff was not repealed. Also claimed that states had the right to nullify a federal law it did not agree with. |
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| bill proposed by Jackson that would allow him to use whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs. Important because it was the first piece of legislation to publicly deny the right of secession to individual states. |
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| executive order issued by andrew Jackson and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van Buren. It require payment for government land to be in gold and silver. |
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Term
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
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Definition
| law passed in 1830 during Jackson's administration. It gave the president the power to forcefully remove native american tribes to move to reservation west of the Mississippi River |
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| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia |
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Definition
| supreme court case that sought federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries. The supreme court refused to hear the case because it believed that it did not have original jurisdiction on the matter and that the case would have to start at a lower court and then appealed all the way to the supreme court. |
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| supreme court ruling that said it was unconstitutional for Georgia to require non-indians to get licenses before going onto indian reserved land. This case also established indian tribes as sovereign nations. |
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| native american nations that were considered civilized by the white settlers: Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, Chickasaw. |
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| the forced movement of native americans. so many people died along the way earning the path that they took during relocation its name. |
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| the treaty that the U.S. claimed when they decided to move the Cherokee nation by force. It was never signed by an official cherokee leader, so it was not legal. |
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| also known as the Florida war. conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between the Seminoles and the united states. Most expensive Indian war fought by the United States. |
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| leader of the Sauk indians. Black Hawk War named after him. |
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| financial crisis that caused a major recession lasting into the mid 1840’s. caused by a period of expansion from mid-1834 to mid 1836. |
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| system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its sub treasures, independently of the national banking and financial systems. Existed from 1846 to 1921. |
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| 9th president of the United States. Died one month after taking office because of pneumonia. Last president to be born before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. |
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| members of the political Whig Party during Jackson’s time that supported the importance of Congress over the importance of the executive branch. Important to the Second Party System in America. Only lasted for about 20 years with two candidates that were ever president: William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. |
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| religious movement in the United states in the early and mid 1800s. People attended huge religious meetings called revivals. Mormonism and the Methodist Church grew in this time period. Intent was to change laws and behavior to make society better. Brought about the Temperance Movement which was strictly opposed to the consumption of alcohol. |
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| religious scene in the western and central regions of New york in the early 19th century where religious revivals and Pentecostal movement of the Second Great Awakening took place. |
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| leader in the Second Great Awakening and also known as the Father of Modern Revivalism. Great advocate of Christian perfectionism and a pioneer in social reforms in favor of women and African-Americans, a religious writer, and president at Oberlin College. |
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| Mormons/Joseph Smith/Brigham Young |
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Definition
| a Christian sect founded by Joseph Smith Jr in 1830. They are also called Latter-day saints. They believe in baptism by immersion, and actually do not practice polygamy as is widely believed to be the case. Joseph claimed that an angel named Mormon had visited him and given him the Book of Mormon which contained all the rules and beliefs for the religion. |
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| Methodists/Francis Asbury |
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Definition
| Christian sect founded by Francis Asbury that was a part of the Protestant movement. Characterized by emphasis on helping the poor and the average person. they believed that building loving relationships with others through social service is a way to earn God’s love. |
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| the belief that alcohol should never be consumed. |
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| was the Superintendent of Army Nurses during the civil war. Lobbied state legislatures and the U.S. congress to create the first generation of American mental asylums. |
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| Seneca Falls Convention/1848 |
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Definition
| large meeting of women who supported women’s rights held in Seneca Falls, New York. headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. |
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| Declaration of Sentiments |
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Definition
| proposed during the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Doctrine that had revolutionary ideas about women’s rights. Claimed that women and men are equal. |
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| American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement. Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments. Credited with initiating the first organized women’s rights and women’s suffrage movements in the United States. |
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| American women’s rights leader. worked closely with Elizabeth CAdy Stanton. Leader of the women’s Suffrage Association. First women on a U.S. coin (dollar coin) |
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| the belief had the god given right to expand westward and that it was America’s destiny to do so. |
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| became 10th President of the United States after William Henry Harrison died in office. |
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| important piece of land that Mexico claimed as part of their territory. They won their independence and became it’s own sovereign nation for a while. Eventually annexed to the United States. |
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| famous for the Battle of the Alamo in 1836. 187 texans were killed by the 5000 mexican troops that came to take it. Important battle in the war for Texas’ independence. |
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| short 18 minute battle that was the ended the war for Texas’s independence. Texas won its freedom after it defeated general Santa Anna and his troops. |
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| 11th president of the United states from 1856 to 1849. Famous because he made 4 promises that he kept. 1. Promised to lower tariffs. 2. Promised to make the U.S. government its own bank so it did not have to put its money in other banks. 3. Intimidated England into allowing the United States to have the Oregon Territory. 4. Made Texas part of the United States. Did not want to run for a second term becaues he believed he fulfilled all that he wanted to in the time that he was president. |
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| boundary dispute between the British and the American claims to the Pacifici Northwest Region of North America. Americans believed that the United States had the right to all the land to the the boundary parallel to 54-40 degrees/minute North. James Polk managed to get all this land for the U.S. in his presidency. |
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| war between the United States and Mexico over the dispute concerning texas. Ran from 1846 to 1848. U.S. defeated Mexico and won a large amount of land from them. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
| ended the Mexican War. Gave the U.S. Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California. |
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| Uncle Tom’s Cabin/Harriet Beecher |
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Definition
| very popular anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe. One of the big factors that started the civil war. |
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| slogan used by southerners to support secession from the united states by arguing that cotton exports would make an independent confederacy economically prosperous and more importantly allow the southern states to fund the civil war. |
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| the movement to end slavery. |
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| William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator |
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Definition
| American abolitionist who wanted to bring an end to slavery. Wrote a newspaper called The Liberator which convinced many people that abolition was the right way to go. |
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| one of the major causes of the civil war. Senator David Wilmot proposed legislation that would ban slavery in any territory acquired from mexico after the Mexican-American War. Southern states greatly opposed this piece of legislation. |
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| the principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people who are the source of all political power. |
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| a U.S. political party for a short time. Main purpose was to stop the expansion of slavery into the western lands, arguing that free men on free soil had a morally and economically better system than slavery. They also feared that slave workers would take away work from white workers. |
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| a lot of people went to the mountains of California to find gold. Started when James W. Marshall found pieces of gold while building a sawmill in 1848. Encouraged many people to come and settle the west in the hopes of finding gold. |
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| 5 bills that made california a free state, texas trades some territorial claims in exchange for debt relief, and the New Mexico and Utah territories leave slavery up to popular sovereignty. |
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| law passed to provide for the return of slaves who escape from one state into another state or territory. |
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| 1854 document describing the reasons for the United States to buy Cuba. Cuba was to be added as a slave state of the United States. |
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Term
| Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas |
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Definition
| a series of violent political confrontations involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery “Border Ruffian” elements, that took place in the Kansas TErritory and the neighboring towns of Missouri between 1854 and 1861. |
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| John Brown/John Brown’s Raid/ |
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Definition
| John Brown wanted to start a slave revolt so he tried to seize the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry. He ended up being killed and a revolt never happened. |
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| united states armory that was trying to be overtaken by John Brown. |
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| Dred Scott was taken a free state by his master. He sued for his freedom but was denied and returned to his master. |
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| 7 debates between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln that all focused on slavery. |
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| 19th presidential election. Abraham Lincoln vs. John C. Breckenridge. |
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Definition
| civil war started when confederate soldiers attacked this union army fort. |
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| Shiloh/Antietam/Vicksburg/Atlanta |
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Definition
| bloodiest battles of the civil war. |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| Freed the slaves, though not officially. |
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| very famous speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the end of the Civil War. |
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| -faction of the Republican Party that strongly opposed slavery during the war and distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for Freedmen. |
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| U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen during the Reconstruction era of the United States. |
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| Civil Rights Amendments (13, 14, 15) |
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Definition
| 13th ended slavery, 14th made everyone an equal citizen, 15th gave voting rights for black men. |
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Definition
| marked the end of reconstruction. Federal government promised to give more aid to the South and remove all remaining troops still in the South after the Civil War. South promised to maintain African American rights. President Hayes said that the government would stop trying to fix Souther society. |
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