Term
| Decreased heart rate ______ cardiac input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased stroke volume ______ cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased venous radius ____ the blood flow through the vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased skeletal muscle activity ______ the venous return |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased parasympathetic nerve activity _____ the arteriolar radius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased sympathetic nerve activity _____ the venous radius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased end-diastolic volume _____ the end-systolic volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased venous return _____ the end diastolic volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The faster the heart beats the less time it spends in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the heart meet increased metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| Time of feeding decreases, so coronary artery radius increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
(BEN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC's that have segmented nuclei and many cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large round nuclei that fill the cell
Do not have cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue macrophage (super phagocyte) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have B and T cells
B-Cells- Produce antibodies
T-Cells- Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary cessation of breathing, esp. during sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult or labored breathing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the volume of air remaining after complete expiration. The volume prevents alveoli from collapsing and causes surface large surface tension.
(1200mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The volume of air inspired or expired in one normal respiration cycle
(500mL) |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
Definition
The extra volume of air that can be forcibly expired from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.
(About 1000 mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the maximum amount of air that can expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration
(About 4800mL) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
|
Definition
The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
(2200 mL) |
|
|
Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
|
Definition
The vital capacity plus the residual volume (VC+RV)
6000mL |
|
|
Term
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) |
|
Definition
The fraction of the vital capacity expired in 1 second. Determines the conditions of the lungs. Normal person should have a percentage of 80%
(FEV1/FVC)*100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks the lungs from EXPIRATION (below 50% FEV1)
Asthma & Emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks lungs from INSPIRATION
(FEV1 is <50%)
Fibrosis and pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of air in the respiration passages which remains unchanged during respiration (air that is in air tubes)
150 mL |
|
|
Term
| Respiration Minute Volume (VT) |
|
Definition
The volume of air moved in or out of the respiratory passages per minute which is equal to the product of the tidal volume by the respiratory rate
VT=TV*RR
6000ml/min at rest |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar Ventilation Rate/min |
|
Definition
Total volume of "new" air entering the alveoli each minute
4200ml/min at rest
vA=(TV-Vd)RR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
On Medulla
sense changes in the arterial Pco2 by
pH changes in the CSP
Send signals to increase ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
On aortic and carotid bodies
Sense decrease in blood pH
Send signals to increase ventilation |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps in urinary formation |
|
Definition
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood enters nephron, goes into glomerulus and is filtered into protein-free plasma that goes into renal tubule for further processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filtrate from glomerulus travels down the renal tubule as most fluids, solutes like glucose, salts, and amino acids, and ions from the filtrate are reabsorbed backed into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wastes and other things that need to be eliminated can travel from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule without coming from the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| Two hormones that regulate absorption of sodium and water at the kidneys to maintain osmolarity |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone and Vasopressin (antiduretic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What are not normal urine components? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, protein, and blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted in sm intestine in response to fat in chyme
Decreases stomach motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted by stomach in response to an increase in pyloric acid
Triggers hunger signal in hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted in small intestine in response to acidic chyme
Decreases stomach motility |
|
|
Term
| How do digestive enzymes work? |
|
Definition
catalysts(they speed up chemical reactions)
break up food so that its nutrients can be absorbed by the body and waste products can be eliminated |
|
|
Term
| Size of thoracic cavity _____ when diaphragm is contracting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung volume _____ and the diaphragm contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When air comes into the lungs, intra-alveolar pressure is _____ than the outside air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intra-alveolar pressure when no air is flowing through lungs |
|
Definition
| Equal to pressure of outside air |
|
|
Term
| intra-alveolar pressure is _____ than the outside air when air is flowing out of lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure at the end of expiration, before inspiration, is _____ to atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraplural pressure at any point during respiration is _____ than intralveolar pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This size of thoracic cavity is ____ during contraction of the intercolstal muscles and ______ during contraction of external intercostals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air flow during passive expiration is _____ than airflow during active expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure in the presence of pneumothorax is ___ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end diastolic volume
Normal=130 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end systolic volume
Normal= 70 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stroke volume
SV=EDV-ESV normal=70mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CO
CO= heart rate (HR)X Stroke Volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100.4 degrees
Alkaline (pH of 7.45)
Metalic taste (iron) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distribution (Oxygen, drugs, hormones, waste)
Regulates body temp
Protects body with WBC's, anitbodies, clots to prevent blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
55% plasma
45% Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| Composition of blood plasma (6) |
|
Definition
90% water (polar)
Electrolytes
Glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced in liver
FAG
Fibrinogen (4%)
Albumins (60%)
Globulins (36%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clots, turned in fibrin
Gamma antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osmotic gradient in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha-beta-gamma antibodies
Amphipathic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red Blood Cells
contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Erythocyte characteristics (4) |
|
Definition
Flexible
97% hemoglobin (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Carries 98% of oxygen in body
Carries 20-25% carbon dioxide in body |
|
|
Term
| Lifespan of erythrocyte (2) |
|
Definition
120 days
Removed by spleen (2-3 million a second) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RBC production
(kidney controls rate -erythropoietin)
Red bone marrow produced RBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
(45% of blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone secreted by kidneys
controls rate of hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to absorb adequate amount of vitamin b12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of Red Bone Marrow to produce adequate # of RBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemolysis (rupture of RBC's)
Ex)
(Sickle cell anemia)
(malaria) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Polycythemia (4) |
|
Definition
High altitude
Chronic lung disease
Tumor in bone marrow
Doping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Makes bloody syrupy
(causes more work for heart increase blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platelets that make thrombus (clots)
Lifespan: 5-9 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 basis steps of Hemostasis |
|
Definition
Vascular spasm (contraction of vessel to decrease blood loss)
Formation of platelet plug (scab)
Blood clot (fibrogen-->fibrin) |
|
|
Term
| Function of serotonin in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| weak vasoconstrictor, helps form platelet plug (scab) |
|
|
Term
| Function of plasmin in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
Causes clot removal
(starts immediately after clot is made) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free floating clot
(can float to lungs/heart/brain and clog, which canh kill) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Too little # of proteins that help blood clot
(causes abnormal bleeding) |
|
|
Term
| Respiration (3 basic functions) |
|
Definition
Ventilation (breathing
Gas exchange (o2 from lungs to blood; co2 from blood to lungs)
Cellular respiration- oxygen utilization for ATP (krebs cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Non-respiratory functions (7) |
|
Definition
Eliminates water and heat
Enhances venous return
Maintains normal pH balance
Enables voice
Defends against inhaled foreign junk!
Modifies some of things carried in blood (buffer system)
Enables the sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracellular respiration (electron transport chain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing, oxygen/co2 exchange (alveoli-blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubes from nose and mouth to alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nose-(warms, humidifies, cleans)
Pharynx-(Switch (esophagus or windpipe)
Larynx-(voicebox) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Past larynx
Trachea-(Hyaline cartilage rings)
Bronchi-(fork in trachea, keeps tubes inflated)
Bronchioles-(go to segments in lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region specialized for gas exchange between lungs and blood |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Alveoli |
|
Definition
surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
surface area= 75sq m (size of tennis court) (ficks law)
Has pores (wet surface for gas diffusion) |
|
|
Term
| Structure of type I alveolar cells |
|
Definition
| Thinner barrier for more exchange |
|
|
Term
| Structure of type II alveolar cells (3) |
|
Definition
Alveolar surface tension
Surfactant
(keep alveoli inflated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical that decreases water surface tension in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Dust cells"
phagocytosis- eat up debris and bacteria trapped in lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is required for air to flow in and out of lungs? |
|
Definition
| pressure gradient between lungs and atmospheric air pressure |
|
|
Term
| What changes the air pressure in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| A change in the volume of lungs |
|
|
Term
| What makes the lungs decrease in air pressure? What happens to air? |
|
Definition
When lungs expand in size
Air pressure is lower in lungs; air travels into lungs |
|
|
Term
| What causes lungs to increase in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lung pressure when there is a decrease in lung volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lung pressure when lung volume does not change (2) |
|
Definition
Lung pressure is equal to outside pressure
No airflow |
|
|
Term
| When is alveolar pressure equal to atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
| When there is no airflow in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What muscles cause air to be pulled in (inspiration)? (2) |
|
Definition
Diaphragm
external intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes |
|
|
Term
| What muscles cause air to be pushed out (expiration)? (2) |
|
Definition
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles (push diaphragm up) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How easy the lungs can expand under pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of a structure to recoil back to original size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outer chest wall
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae |
|
|
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure ________ intrapleural pressure
(<,>,=) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air movement is always down a ________ ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active process (ATP used) Abdominal muscles contract (push diaphragm up) Internal intercostal muscles contract (push chest wall down & in) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
|
|
Term
| intrapleural pressure is always less than ______ by _____ |
|
Definition
intrapulmonary pressure
by 4 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure (3) |
|
Definition
Pressure within pleural cavity
Sealed chamber
Normal pressure is 756mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Higher altitude means __________ pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive Process (Repiratory) (4) |
|
Definition
Inspiratory muscles relax
Lungs recoil due to elasticity
Chest wall falls
No ATP used |
|
|
Term
| The larger the pressure gradient, ____________ |
|
Definition
| The more air flow in/out of lungs |
|
|
Term
| What does airway diameter determine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narrower airways mean _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wider airways mean ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle in bronchioles is controlled by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation on bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation on bronchiloles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flight or Fight effect on bronchioles |
|
Definition
| bronchodilation, need greater airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Makes expiration more difficult than inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Air can't get out of alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long term inflammation on brochioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"smokers"
Macrophages eat way surface area
"self digestion" |
|
|
Term
| What controls airway resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cannot expand lungs
Inspiration capacity is reduced because lung expansion is reduced |
|
|
Term
| Restrictive lung diseases effect what parts of the spirogram? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air moving in and out of the lungs each minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli each minute
(TV-Dead airspace)* Respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to breath? |
|
Definition
Deep, slow breathing
5 breaths a minute |
|
|
Term
| What is more efficient way to breathe? |
|
Definition
| Increase TV instead of Increasing breathing rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of body |
|
|
Term
| How is gas exchanged accomplished? |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion (non-polar) |
|
|
Term
| Gases move passively down _________ ______ ______ |
|
Definition
| Partial pressure gradients |
|
|
Term
| How do gases move in there gradients? |
|
Definition
| Down each of their own concentration gradient, independent of other gases |
|
|
Term
| What does more metabolic activity in a tissue cause on the partial pressure gradient? |
|
Definition
| Causes larger gradient between ISF blood, meaning more gas movement |
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen and co2 partial pressure does deoxygenated blood (blood from pulmonary arteries) have? |
|
Definition
| oxygen partial pressure (pp) of 40 mmHg and CO2 pp of 45 mmHg. |
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen and co2 partial pressure does oxygenated blood leaving lungs (blood from pulmonary veins) have? |
|
Definition
| O2 pp of 100 mmHg and CO2 pp of 40 mmHg. |
|
|
Term
| Pressure of o2 and co2 in alveoli |
|
Definition
Po2 is 105 mmHg
Pco2 is 40mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Pressure of o2 and co2 in pulmonary capillaries |
|
Definition
Po2 is 40mmHg
Pco2 is 46mmHg |
|
|
Term
| What part of oxygen in blood contributes to the blood partial pressure of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen that is dissolved in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What part of oxygen in blood does not contribute to the blood partial pressure of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen need of body at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen need of body during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of oxygen from hemoglobin is increased by _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue metabolism causes _____ ______ ________ (3) |
|
Definition
Increase is Pco2 in tissues
Increase in H+ conc. in tissues
Increase in temperature in tissues |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of carbon dioxide transport |
|
Definition
| maintain acid/base balance |
|
|
Term
| % of carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma and RBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate buffer (HCO3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is carbon monoxide poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin faster, and suffocates the cells, making them unable to transport oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme on RBC's that catalyzes carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is ionized to form H+ and HCO3, (bicarbonate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High pressure of oxygen
Toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease in pressure of carbon dioxide
Hyper ventilation
Causes decrease in pH, (Alkalosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High pressure of carbon dioxide
Hypoventilation
Increase in pH (acidosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The roles of chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| sends input to brainstem that tells what the blood oxygen/carbon dioxide levels are |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors (2) |
|
Definition
Carotid and Aortic bodies
Respond to blood Po2 levels when they are low |
|
|
Term
| Central chemoreceptors (2) |
|
Definition
In Medulla
Respond to H+ concentration in CSF |
|
|
Term
| Why does H+ concentration monitor the blood gas levels? |
|
Definition
| The more H+, the more CO2 is in blood |
|
|
Term
| What gas does peripheral chemoreceptors measure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gas does central chemoreceptors measure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic functions of the urinary system (6) |
|
Definition
Maintain water balance
Regulates Ionic Balance
Regulates Plasma Volume
Regulates body pH
Regulates osmolarity
Eliminates wastes |
|
|
Term
| How are proteins prevented from getting out of glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| Negatively charged basement membrane repels them |
|
|
Term
| What is present in filtrate? (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the driving force of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| High glomerular capillary blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forces that effect filtration rate? (GFR) |
|
Definition
High glomerular capillary blood pressure
Hydrostatic pressure (-15 mmHG)
Osmotic gradient (-30mmHg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does vasodilation and constriction have on GFR |
|
Definition
| more constriction means more BP, which means more GFR |
|
|
Term
| What does the Na/K pump do in the nephron |
|
Definition
The pump gives on osmotic gradient (cotransports glucose and amino acids, moves water back into capillaries)
electrochemical gradient (moves Cl- back into capillaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited about of Na+ carriers to cotransport glucose and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What is the collecting duct permeable to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the collecting duct not permeable to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls rate of water permeability in collecting duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much glucose is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urea is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much salt is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases Na+ absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is urine concentration changed from isotonic to hyper or hypotonic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the negative ions influenced by Na+ reabsorbtion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are secreted (last step) from blood to tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum obligatory volume of urine output needed to be secreted daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
Increases aldosterone secretion
Gives thirst signal to hypothalmus
Increases ADH
Vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
| How are negative ions influenced by Na+ |
|
Definition
| Na+ creates an electrochemical gradient when it is reabsorbed, which pulls negative ions (chlorine and phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| What effects does Aldosterone have? |
|
Definition
Stimulates the secretion of H+
Makes K+ go into filtrate, Na+ out
Increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What direction does tubular secretion go? |
|
Definition
| From peritubular capillary to tubular fluid (tubules or loop of henle) |
|
|
Term
| What does aldosterone do to excess K+? |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone trades K+ for Na+, K goes into filtrate, Na+ goes into blood |
|
|
Term
| What effects does ADH have? (3) |
|
Definition
Changes the permeability of the Distal Convuluted tubule and Collecting Duct
Allows more water to leave the filtrate
Produces hypertonic urine |
|
|
Term
| What causes renin to be released? |
|
Definition
Low Na+
Low arterial blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What permits voluntary bladder control? |
|
Definition
| Voluntary control over external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you have the urge to pee? |
|
Definition
| When bladder is filled with 150 mL urine |
|
|
Term
| Maximum amount bladder can hold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)/3
1/3 of pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| Where does majority of water reabsorption occur? |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of surfactant in lungs |
|
Definition
decreases surface tension on alveoli
Keeps them inflated |
|
|
Term
| What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on veins |
|
Definition
| None, blood vessels aren't affected by parasympathetic stimulation |
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Term
| What does the frank-starling law NOT do? |
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Definition
| does not regulate heart rate |
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Term
| What hormone causes increase in the blood calcium concentration and decrease in blood phosphate concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high density lipoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
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