Term
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Definition
| when the muscles you use for everyday function deplete because you don't use them anymore |
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Term
| muscles affected by functional atrophy |
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Definition
| gluteal muscles, extensor muscles of the neck and back, muscles of the trunk and lower extremities (muscles used for gravity) |
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Term
| effect of spaceflight on muscles |
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Definition
| increased breakdown of muscel proteins, decreased muscle volume, strength, mass, endurance, muscle nitrogen |
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Term
| intervention techniques for atrophy in spaceflight |
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Definition
| diet and exercise techniques (still doesn't eliminate atrophy) |
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Term
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Definition
causes explosive release of ACh
-prolonged depolarization leads to respiratory paralysis=death
-blocks voltage-gated na+ channels and they are trapped in an inactivated state and are not capable of opening
-prohibits new action potential from firing |
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Term
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Definition
blocks release of ACh from terminal button in response to a motor neuron action potential
-food poisoning
-prevents muscles from responding to nerve impulses, leads to respiratory failure (diaphragm cant contract)=death
-most lethal poison known |
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Term
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Definition
blocks action of ACh at receptor-channels on the motor end plate
-binds to receptors preventing ACh from receptors resulting in paralysis
-when enough bind the person dies due to inability to contract diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
irreversibly prevents inactivation of ACh
-death due to respiratory failure because diaphragm cant repolarize, return to resting state, and then contract again
-used in pesticides and military gases |
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Term
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Definition
an autoimmune disease that causes severe muscle weakness
-causes the destruction of ACh before it can be used
-treat it by administering a drug that prolongs the existence of ACh long enough to stimulate a sufficient action potential |
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Term
| anabolic androgenic steroid |
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Definition
"build up of tissue"
"male producing"
"hormone" |
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Term
| Effects of steroids on reproductive system |
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Definition
male: testes dont get enough stimulation from anterior pituitary gland and shrink, testosterone secretion and sperm production decrease
females: suppresses hormonal output, failure to ovulate, menstrual irregularities, deminishes breast size, lowers voice, increases facial hair |
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Term
| effects of steroids on cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| induces artherosclerosis, reduces HDL, elevates blood pressure, damages heart mscle |
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Term
| effects of steroids on liver |
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Definition
| creates liver dysfunction, increases risk of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| liver is overloaded by the excess of steroid intake and cant inactivate them and prepare them for urine |
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Term
| effects of steroids on behavior |
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Definition
| agressive, hostile (controversial effects) |
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Term
| addictive effects of steroids |
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Definition
| risks are worse when you use steroids longer, many people are addicted, $1 billion in black market for selling steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| gene therapy aimed at improving athletic performance, like promoting production of naturally occuring muscle-building chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| when the conducting tissue between atria and ventricles is damaged and becomes nonfunctional |
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Term
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Definition
normal-SA node=70bpm
abnormal
-AV node=50 bpm
-purkinje fibers=30 bpm (comatose) |
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Term
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Definition
| inserted if you have an abnormally low hr, and it gives of rhythmic pulses to create a heart rate of 70 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
when the purkinje fibers are overly excited and initiate a premature action potential before the SA node initiates a normal one
-associated with anxiety, lack of sleep, caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol |
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Term
| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) |
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Definition
| produced by occasional abnormal impulses from a ventricular ectopic focus |
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Term
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Definition
| 100 bpm or more, fast heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| 60 bpm or less, slow heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| variation from normal rhythym of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
rapid but regular sequence of atrial depolarizations at rates between 200 and 380 bpm, one out of every two or three atrial impulses passes to the ventricles (2:1, 3:1 rhythm)
-ventricles cant keep up because they cant fill that fast, if they did=death because of not enough blood flow to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid irregular uncoordinated depolarizations of the atria with no definite P waves=results in occasional lack of blood ejection from ventricles because not enough time to fill completely |
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Term
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Definition
difference in heart rate and pulse rate
-caused by not being able to palpate the heart rate in the wrist because not enough blood was pumped out of the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| very serious abnormality, the ventricular musculature exhibits uncoordinated, chaotic contractions, ineffectual pumps,if no rhythm is established in four minutes, irreversible brain damage occurs and possible death |
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Term
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Definition
| the atria still beat regularly but the ventricles occasionally fail to be stimulated and thus do not follow an atrial contraction, only every ssecond or third impulse will pass to the ventricles (2:1 or 3:1 block) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate delivery of oxigenated blood to the heart tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| actual death of heart muscle cells due to blocked or ruptured blood vessels that supply that area of the heart |
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Term
| acute myocardial infarction |
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Definition
"heart attack"
-when the heart muscle becomes necrotic |
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Term
Somatic motor neuron
-location of cell body
-# of neurons in pathway from spine to effector organ
-effector organ
-neurostransmitter |
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Definition
-cell body lies in spinal cord
-one single motor neuron
-skeletal muscle
-acytlcholine (ACh) |
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Term
| acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
| an enzyme located in the motor end-plate membrane that inactivates ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialized underlying potrion of the muscle cell membrane that the entire axon terminal ending fits into |
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Term
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Definition
-botulinum toxin put to use as a cosmetic tool
-helps to relax overly contracted muscles in the body, whether a disease or wrinkles, it wears off in 3-6 months and needs to be repeated
-doses aren't enough to cause food poisoning or complete paralysis of the muscles |
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Term
| How to get muscle relaxation |
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Definition
| prevent the release of ACh, thats what starts the excitation process, preventing its release will relax the muscle |
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Term
| organization of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| whole muscle (organ)-muscle fiber (cell)-myofibril (intracellular structure)-thick and thin filaments (cytoskeleton elements)-myosin and actin (protein molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| a single skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| structural contractile feature of a muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| the functional unit of a skeletal muscle, the area between two Z lines |
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Term
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Definition
| highly organized cytoskeletal elements-thick filaments assemblies of myosin, thin filaments assemplies of actin |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the remaining portion of the thin filaments that do not project into the A band, with a Z line right in the middle of it |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of a stacked set of thick filaments along with the portions of the thin filaments that overlap on both ends of the thick filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| the lighter area within the A band in which the thin filaments do not reach |
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Term
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Definition
| Visible in the middle of each I band and on the ends of each sarcomere |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| modified endoplasmic reticulum that consists of a fine network of interconnected membrane encloded compartments surrounding each myofibril like a sleeve |
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Term
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Definition
| dark and light bands like stripes that are visible when you look at the muscle tissue, caused by the z lines that separate the sarcomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| as all the sarcomeres throughout the muscle fiber's length shorten simultaneously, the entire muscle fiber shortens-the thin filaments slide together shortening the A band and bringing the Z lines closer together |
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Term
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Definition
"stiffness of death" a generalized locking in place of the skeletal muscles that begins 3 to 4 hours after death and completes in about 12 hours
-Ca comes into cell causing actin and myosin to bind and they stay bound |
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Term
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Definition
| blood circulation between heart and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| blood circulation between heart and the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the left atrium from the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the right atrium from the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents blood traveling to lungs through the pulmonary veins from going back into the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents blood traveling to the aorta from going back into the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, fibrous cords of tendinous-type tissue that prevent atrioventricular valves from being everted |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment sites of chordae tendinae; when ventricles contract, papillary muscles contract pulling downward on the chordae tendinae sealing the valves shut |
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Term
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Definition
| made of gap junctions and desmosomes, gap junctions allow for action potential to spread from cardiac cell to cardiac cell, desmosomes hold the cells together |
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Term
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Definition
| use of electric shock to depolarize heart cells and bring heart rhythm back to normal rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| AV nodal delay after stimulation from SA node |
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Term
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Definition
| time during which ventricles are contracting and emptying |
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Term
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Definition
| time during which ventricles are relaxing and filling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular depolarization (atria repolarization simultaneously) |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
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