Term
| Calcium carbonate brand names |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium carbonate indications |
|
Definition
| most common oral prep for mild hypocalcemia, osteomalacia, rickets osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not absorbed well without HCl, take with food |
|
|
Term
| calcium carbonate side effects |
|
Definition
| more GI effects than other preps, mild alkali syndrome leading to hypercalcemia, decreased PTH, hyperphosphatemia, kidney stones, renal failure |
|
|
Term
| calcium citrate brand name |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more soluble, better BA, can be taken without food |
|
|
Term
| dibasic calcium phosphate |
|
Definition
| supplies both calcium and phosphate (oral) |
|
|
Term
| oral calcium salt side effects |
|
Definition
| GI: constipation, intestinal bloating, gas (esp calcium carb) |
|
|
Term
| oral calcium salt interactions |
|
Definition
| decreased absorption of fluoride, iron, zinc, beta blockers, salicylates, phenytoin, bisphosphanates, tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| oral calcium salt new concerns |
|
Definition
| possible increased heart attack risk (no definitive evidence) |
|
|
Term
| calcium gluconate route of admin and % Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium gluconate indication |
|
Definition
| drug of choice for IV therapy in acute hypocalcemic tetany (least irritating to veins, infuse slowly to avoid arrhythmias) |
|
|
Term
| calcium gluceptate route of admin, % Ca, unique characteristic |
|
Definition
| IV or IM, 22% Ca, only one that is not irritating on IM injection |
|
|
Term
| cholecalciferol, route of admin, brand, and what is it? |
|
Definition
| oral tablets, Delta-D, pure D3 |
|
|
Term
| ergocalciferol, route of admin, brands, what it is |
|
Definition
| oral or IM, calciferol, drisdol, pure D2 |
|
|
Term
| dihydrotachysterol, brands, what it is, route of admin |
|
Definition
| DHT, Hytakerol, Roxane; reduced form of D2, oral |
|
|
Term
| dihydrotachysterol indication, for what population |
|
Definition
| hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal failure, safer drug with renal failure (does not require renal 1-hydroxylation) |
|
|
Term
| doxercalciferol; brand, what it is |
|
Definition
| Hectoral, newer synthetic oral analog, doesn't require 1-hydroxylation (similar to dihydrotachysterol) |
|
|
Term
| calcifediol; brand, what population is it used in, route of admin |
|
Definition
| Calderol, does not require liver 25-hydroxylation, safer in liver disease, oral capsules |
|
|
Term
| Calcitriol, what it is, route of admin |
|
Definition
| 1,25 OH2-D3, the final active hormone, no activation required, clinically most important, oral or injection |
|
|
Term
| paricalcitol and maxicalcitol; used for, route of admin |
|
Definition
| suppress excess PTH production without causing hypercalcemia; used in treating hyperparathyroidism but not for enhancing Ca abosrption, adminstered IV |
|
|
Term
| calcipotriene and calcitriol ointment; used for |
|
Definition
| skin ointment preps approved for treatment of psoriasis (vitamin D3 analog) |
|
|
Term
| cinacalcet; brand, what it is, indication, advantage |
|
Definition
| Sensipar, new group of "calcium sensor mimetics", decreases amount of Ca needed to supress PTH release, used for hyperparathyroidism, normalizes serum calcium without altering bone density |
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin; what it is, MOA |
|
Definition
| 32 aa polypeptide secreted from thyroid when hypercalcemic, decreases calcium release from bone (inhibits osteoclasts), stimulates calcium and phosphate excretion by kidneys, acts as agonist on calcitonin receptors (GPCRs that increase cAMP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, Paget's, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| bisphosphanates; structure and mechanism |
|
Definition
| analogs of pyrophosphate, bind bone matrix, inhibit osteoclasts, decrease bone turnover |
|
|
Term
| bisphosphanates; uses, advantages/disadvantages |
|
Definition
| Paget's, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis; oral, non-antigenic, cheaper, may decrease bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poorly abosrbed, esp with food, should be taken on empty stomach, excreted by kidney (avoid renal), persist in bone for months/years |
|
|
Term
| bisphosphanate side effects |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ), femur fractures, esophageal cancer |
|
|
Term
| oral bisphophonate directions |
|
Definition
| overnight fast, take while upright, lots of water, no food for 30 min, remain upright 30 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alendronate (generic), risedronate (delayed release prep), tiludronate, ibandronate (oral or IV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IV use for prevention and treatement, once per year or every other year injection, risk for renal impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oral (daily or monthly) or IV (every 3 months) |
|
|
Term
| teriparatide; brand, what is it, indications |
|
Definition
| Forteo, synthetic human PTH [1-34], hypoparathyroidism, osteoporosis with high fracture risk or glucocorticoid-induced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first drug that clearly increases bone formation, daily injection stimulates bone (chronic presence decreases bone), daily SC injection, short action |
|
|
Term
| teriparatide side effects |
|
Definition
| nausea, cramps, headache, bone cancer concern |
|
|
Term
| denosumab; properties and mechanism |
|
Definition
| monoclonal antibody (peptide injection) against RANK-L (a cytokine that activates osteoclasts, promotes resorption), denosumab bind RANK-L and prevents RANK activtion (decreasing bone degradation) |
|
|
Term
| denosumab indication/dose |
|
Definition
| injection given twice per year for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis with history or high risk of fracture or failed other therapy, also to treat bone metastases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long-term suppression: ONJ, fracture, delayed fracture healing
side effects: back, muscle, bone pain, elevated cholesterol, urinary bladder infections |
|
|
Term
| denosumab contraindication |
|
Definition
| patients with hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits bone resorption, quite toxic, 3rd choice after calcitonin, bisphosphonates for hypercalcemia, Paget's, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| Plicamycin (aka mithramycin) |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic antibiotic that decreases plasma Ca by osteoclast toxicity, bone marrow suppression makes it useful in cancer, last resort for hypercalcemia, Paget's, osteoporosis; Useful for hypercalcemia of malignancy |
|
|
Term
| prednisone and other glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
| decrease hypercalcemia by inhibiting gut Ca absorption and toxic to immune cells, danger of osteoporosis with long-term use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates osteoblasts, increases bone formation, increases bone fragility at higher doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow therapeutic window, highly toxic due to inhibition of respiratory and glycolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV Ca salts for acute tetany
Oral Ca salts for longer-term therapy
Vitamin D preparation plus adequate dietary Ca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treat cause - hyperparathyroidism, adrenocorticall deficiency
Acute hypercalcemia: furosemide plus IV saline for diuresis and calciuresis
Vitamin D toxicity, sarcoidosis: glucocorticoids
hypercalcemia of malignancy: glucocorticoids, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, gallium nitrate, plicamycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
replacement sex steroids plus Ca
bisphosphonates
calcitonin
teriparatide |
|
|
Term
| therapy of Paget's disease |
|
Definition
| bisphosphonates, calcitonin, plicamycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid first pass metabolism in liver when given orally |
|
|
Term
| slow-release depot forms of estradiol |
|
Definition
| estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mainly used in HRT and hypogonadism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common of several natural estrogen preps, contains estrone and estriol isolated from pregnant mare urine (Premarin) |
|
|
Term
| conjugated estrogen indications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ethinyl estradiol and mestranol (prodrug) |
|
Definition
| synthetic estradiol analog, ethinyl group slows metabolism, increases potency, oral effectiveness, commonly used in oral contraceptives and some use in HRT |
|
|
Term
| diethylstilbestrol (DES, Stilphostrol) |
|
Definition
| non-steroidal estrogen, oral, very potent, toxic, use in cancer |
|
|
Term
| low dose estrogens used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| higher dose estrogens used for |
|
Definition
| epiphysial closure, sexual development, gonadotropins for fertility |
|
|
Term
| oral contraceptives, HRT, oophorectomy treatment |
|
Definition
| estrogen in combination with progestin |
|
|
Term
| estrogens; minor side effects |
|
Definition
| nausea, edema most common, breast tenderness, hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Term
| estrogens; more significant side effects |
|
Definition
| migraine, cholestasis, insulin resistance, liver/gall bladder disease, thrombophlebitis, endometrial hyperplasia (cancer, decreased by including progestins), gynecomastia, teratogenesis, metabolic changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IM, creams, suppositories, slow release IUD, micronized oral prep, safer than synthetic progestins for long term HRT use |
|
|
Term
| medoxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate |
|
Definition
| synthetic progestin, structurally related to progesterone (21 carbons), exert mainly progesterone-like effects, for HRT, cancer, contraception |
|
|
Term
| norethindrone acetate, norgestrel, ethynodiol |
|
Definition
| synthetic progestin, structurally related to testosterone (18 carbons), aka impeded androgens, usually used in oral contraceptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthetic progestin, anti-androgenic and anti-mineralocorticoid, used in most popular new oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combo with estrogens for contraception/HRT, uterine bleeding due to endometrial hyperplasia, edometriosis, metastatic endometrial and breast cancer, diagnostic for estrogen secretion and endometrial responsiveness |
|
|
Term
| Progestin adverse effects |
|
Definition
androgenic progestins: acne, weight gain, masculinization, altered libido, decreased HDL, increased LDL
All progestins: menstrual changes, nausea, bloating, teratogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SERM, orally effective, used for agonist effect on bone (osteoporosis), no risk of cancer/uterine cancer because antagonist at these receptors, causes menopause symptoms and clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SERM, orally effective, long used as anti-estrogen, found to be agonist on some receptors, antagonist on breast (used for breast cancer prevention), uterine cancer risk, thrombosis risk, causes menopause symptoms, decrease osteoporosis and heart disease risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first and only pure estrogen antagonist for breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| shared properties of combination oral contraceptive pills |
|
Definition
| most widely used contraceptives, all contain ethinyl estradiol or mestranol (few) plus a "19-nor" progestin (norethindrone, norgestrel/levonorgestrel, norgestimate, drosperinone), most are fixed combos (some employ sequential changes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not androgenic or estrogenic used in combo with ethinyl estradiol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 84 days of active pills, 7 days of inactive pill (1 period every 3 months) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to Seasonale but contains low ethinyl estradiol in final 7 pills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to Yasmin (has drosperinone as progestin) but has lower ethinyl estradiol and 24 active pills per 28 day cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 24 instead of 21 active pills per 28 day cycle, ethinyl estradiol dose now only 10ug (lowest ever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first continuous combo contraceptive, low dose ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel, eliminates menstruation after some breakthrough spotting, similar to progestin-only pills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first combo contraceptive transdermal patch worn for 3 weeks, off for 1 week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new 3 week combo controceptive vaginal ring, ethinyl estradiol plus etonogestrel (a new progestin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new chewable combo contraceptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new four-phase pill oral estrogen (estradiol valerate) and new progestin (dienogest), estrogen alone on days 1-2 and 25-26 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits ovulation by disrupting cyclical release of gonadotropins (example of feedback suppressive therapy) |
|
|
Term
| Combination Contraceptive pill adverse effects - minor |
|
Definition
estrogen effects: nausea, irritability, headache, fluid retention, cyclic weight gain, breast enlargement/tenderness, menstrual changes, altered libido
Progestin effects: Nausea, bloating, menstrual changes, depression, fatigue |
|
|
Term
| Combo contraceptives serious adverse effects |
|
Definition
| hypertension, lipid changes, clotting, stroke, MI, endometriosis (combos decrease), ovarian cancer, breast cancer, glucose intolerance, liver/gall bladder disease, teratogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Combo contraceptives contraindications |
|
Definition
Absolute: pregnancy, estrogen-responsive tumor
Relative: thromboembolic disease, HTN, diabetes, liver disease, smoking in older women |
|
|
Term
| OCs decrease response to these drugs |
|
Definition
| acetaminophen, warfarin, thyroxine, antidiabetic drugs |
|
|
Term
| OCs increase response to these drugs |
|
Definition
| cyclosporine, imipramine, theophylline, corticosteroids, BNZ |
|
|
Term
| OC efficacy reduced by these drugs |
|
Definition
| ampicillin, tetracycline, neomycin, rifampin, barbs, phenytoin, carbamazepine |
|
|
Term
| OCs efficacy increased by these drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| norethindrone (Micronor) or norgesterel (Ovrette) |
|
Definition
| progestin only "mini-pills", avoid estrogen adverse effects, but less effective (99.5%), taken daily, lack of regular bleeding, ovulation still occurs, used when estrogens contraindicated (breast feeding, breast cancer, migraine, HTN, older smokers, liver/gall bladder disease, thrombotic disease) |
|
|
Term
| medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) |
|
Definition
| IM injections every 3 months, concern due to possible toxicity, delayed recovery of fertility (not good for those that still desire pregnancy later) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single-rod implant inside upper arm, effective for 3 years, risk of irregular bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emergency contraceptive containing levonorgestrel only, 2 pills within 72 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emergency contraceptive, contains levonorgestrel only, 2 pills 12 hr apart within 72 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emergency contraceptive, contains ulipristal (progesterone mixed agonist/antagonist related to mifepristone, an anti-progestin), can be taken up to 5 days after intercourse |
|
|
Term
| RU 486 - Mifepristone (Mifeprex) |
|
Definition
| abortefactient, progesterone receptor antagonist, disrupts maintenance of endometrium, also increases prostaglandin levels stimulating uterine contraction (induce safe abortion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 x 200 mg tablets in single dose on first day, if no abortion take 2 x 200 ug misoprostol tablets in single dose, on day 14 return visit to confirm termination (95% effective) |
|
|
Term
| Mifepristone/misoprostol adverse effects |
|
Definition
| vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, transient nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache |
|
|
Term
| methotrexate plus misoprostol |
|
Definition
| not approved for abortion but effective and used, folic acid antagonist and cytotoxic to trophoblast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce ovulation, dopamine agonist, orally effective, inhibits prolactin secretion by activating pituitary DA receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce ovulation, weak androgen, orally effective, anti-estrogen to inhibit gonadotropin secretion, some progestin activity, used when ovulation prob due to endometriosis |
|
|
Term
| clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene) |
|
Definition
| induce ovulation, non-steroidal anti-estrogen, orally effective, reduces estrogen feedback inhibition of gonadotropin release, stimulates ovaries, also partial estrogen agonist, induces ovulation in 80%, 10% multiple births, causes ovary enlargement, menopause symptoms, used for oligospermia in males |
|
|
Term
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (Profasi, APL) |
|
Definition
| peptide (IM), induce ovulation when pituitary defect, similar activity to LH, longer duration, from urine of preg women, also treat male infertility, hypogonadism in both sexes |
|
|
Term
| Menotropins (human menopausal gonadotropins, hMG, Pergonal) |
|
Definition
| peptide, induce ovulation when pituitary defect, LH and FSH activity, urine of postmeno women, used with hCG |
|
|
Term
| Ovulation induction regimen |
|
Definition
| low doses of menotropins plus hCG for 9-12 days for follicular development, then large dose of hCG alone for LH surge, induce ovulation (multiple births common), used in vitro fertilization, spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptides, IM or SC (Urofollitropin, recombinant follitropin alpha subunit or beta subunit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthetic GnRH, pulsatile admin (mimic physio release pattern), when hypothalamus is defective |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin (Pitocin, Syntocinon) |
|
Definition
| augmentation of labor or induction (high dose), small peptide hormone from posterior pituitary, agonist at GPCR, stimulates uterine SM contraction, stimulates PG production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetal HR closely monitored, too much uterine contraction can reduce fetal circulation, may need B2-adrenergic agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uterine contraction, small AA metabolites, act on GPCR to increase calcium, muscle contraction, induce cervical ripening at low doses |
|
|
Term
| dinoprostone, carboprost, misoprostol |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins, misoprostol has less GI effects and fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second trimester abortions, often used together with other agents, local application of dinoprostone for cervical ripening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediate painful contractions during dysmenorrhea (indomethacin, PG synthesis inhibitor effective therapy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plant compounds, increase frequency/force of uterine contractions, contraindicated in HTN
Preps include: ergonovine, methylergonovine
Used for: post-partum or after abortion to control bleeding, maintain contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit uterine motility, delay/prevent premature delivery, examples include: terbutaline, magnesium salts, nifedipine, nicardipine, indomethacin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most commonly used B2-adrenergic agonist for premature labor, IV to stop labor, then oral for maintenance, reflex tachycardia, increase cardiac output, hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eclamptic seizures (Mg sulfate), IV to inhibit uterine motility, Mg gluconate oral for maintenance, high concentrations can cause respiratory depression and cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
| Nifedipine and nicardipine |
|
Definition
| effective tocolytic agents, calcium channel blockers, without reducing placental blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tocolytic, PG synthetase inhibitor, fetal/neonatal toxicities limit use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid metabolism, limited parenteral effectiveness, not orally effective, topical preps effective |
|
|
Term
| Andro LA, Depo-testosterone |
|
Definition
| testosterone esters, IM injection lasting 2-4 wks |
|
|
Term
| methyltestosterone (Android) |
|
Definition
| modified 17 alkyl to decrease metabolism, orally effective, androgenic steroid, hepatotoxic, short half life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replacement therapy, anabolic effects, breast cancer, erythropoiesis in some types of anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 17 alkyl testosterone analog, used in hereditary angioneuretic edema (liver effect) |
|
|
Term
| testosterone adverse effects |
|
Definition
| adverse effects: masculinization, feminization in men, testicular atrophy, prostate enlargement, acne, liver disease (17 alkyl synthetics), lipid changes, salt/water retention, HTN |
|
|
Term
| Oxandrolone, oxymetholone, stanozolol |
|
Definition
| higher ratio of anabolic to androgenic effectiveness, less masculinizing side effects, used by athletes, SARMS?, all are schedule III |
|
|
Term
| testosterone-like dietary supplements |
|
Definition
| androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-androgen, GnRH analog, modified synthetic peptide, long DOA, reduces gonadotropin release (initially increase by desensitization) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used together to treat prostate cancer and hirsutism, anti-estrogen effects in breast cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new GnRH antagonist analog, anti-androgen for advanced prostate cancer, peptide |
|
|
Term
| medroxyprogesterone acetate |
|
Definition
| inhibit GnRH release, induce chemical castration for sex offenders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orally effective non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist, for prostate cancer, useful early in course of GnRH agonist therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orally effective antagonist at mineralocorticoid and androgen receptors, also inhibits androgen synthesis, used alone or with oral contraceptives to treat hirsutism |
|
|
Term
| finasteride (propecia, proscar) |
|
Definition
| orally effective 5a-reductase inhibitor, block conversion of testosterone to DHT, used for BPH, baldness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of viruses ssRNA that create dsDNA, HIV is example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of viruses ssRNA that create dsDNA copies, most efficient vector for gene delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of viruses with dsDNA, cause respiratory, intestinal and eye infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of small, ssDNA, insert DNA on chromosome 19 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of dsDNA viruses, impact neurons |
|
|
Term
| Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) |
|
Definition
| defect in RPE65, AAV used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insert size 4.7 kb, high immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integration occurs with this vector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma/lipid complex contains DNA sequences encoding HLA-B7 and beta2 microglobulin, form a MCH Class I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by injecting directly into tumor lesion to direct an immune response against metastatic tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, blocks replication of mRNA, 21 nucleotides long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complimentary to mRNA transcribed from major immediate-early transcriptional unit of CMV, inhibits replication, used for local treatment of CMV retinitis with AIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein product of MDR1, functions as an efflux transporter for lipophilic xenobiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MDR1 T/T mutation causes decreased concentrations of these chemotherapies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anesthesia, patients with plasma cholinesterase deficiency remain paralyzed for longer, dibucaine number used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow acetylator gets peripheral neuropathy, rapid acetylator has potential therapy failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow acetylator develops SLE, fast acetylator need higher doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow acetylator has more bladder cancer, slow acetylator has less bladder cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest phenotypical variability among CYP family, more than 70 variant alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased CYP2D6 activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased CYP2D6 activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensive 2D6 activity means more morphine, PM means less analgesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EM 2D6 means mild side effects, PM means neurological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EM 2D6 causes no change, PM causes no change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2C9 most deficient activity alleles among ethnic groups, warfarin, tolbutamide and phenytoin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taken up by nerve cells by same mechanisms as noradrenaline, message is not passed on, muscles relax, blood vessels widen, decreases BP |
|
|
Term
| debrisoquine-4-hydroxylase |
|
Definition
| 5-10% of caucasians are PM, caused by several mutant 2D6 alleles |
|
|
Term
| tamoxifen metabolic pathway |
|
Definition
| metabolized by 2D6 and multiple other enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assumed to be more sensitive to mediaction, phase II metabolism appears to depressed |
|
|
Term
| liver metabolism in elderly |
|
Definition
| decreased phase I activity, CYP3A4 unchanged, 2D6/2C9/2C19/1A2 activities reduced |
|
|
Term
| barbs, diazepam, propranolol, verapamil |
|
Definition
| high extraction ratio drugs, hepatic clearance, reduce doses |
|
|
Term
| ethanol, prazosin, warfarin |
|
Definition
| low extraction ratio drugs, no change in dose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1A2 inhibition, increased olanzepine, causes rigidity and falls, PK |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synergistic hypoglycemia, causes falls and fatigue, PD |
|
|
Term
| tolterodine and donepezil |
|
Definition
| antagonism, causes decreased cognition, PD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3A4 induction, decreased warfarin, increased risk of strokes, PD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased platelet function, bleeding, herbal-drug interaction |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepines and alcohol |
|
Definition
| synergistic CNS depression, falls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preferred antihypertensive, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia are more relevant due to arrhythmias, DM, and gout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug of choice for anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analgesic and atipyretic of choice during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| cold medications with sympathomimetics |
|
Definition
| may lead to vascular-mediated congenital defects in the fetus |
|
|
Term
| penicillins and cephalosporins |
|
Definition
| safest for treatment of bacterial infections during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray baby syndrome, phase II glucuronidation deficient |
|
|
Term
| carbamazepine and valproic acid |
|
Definition
| dietary suppl with folic acid recommended to prevent neural tube defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preferred antihypertensives in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for acne vulgaris, highly teratogenic! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for psoriasis, highly teratogenic! |
|
|
Term
| phenothiazines, metoclopramide and ondansetron |
|
Definition
| used for N/V during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for diarrhea during pregnancy, poorly absorbed |
|
|
